UC-NRLF 


$B    25  3    D".D 


■^llar  and'. DaHietl 


GIFT  OF 
Daughter   of 
William  Stuart   Smith 


1?>.V 


C^vTVv^Arv/  (AaatO/uVI.* 


X 


r 


,»>S/V^ 


^^fKA^ 


v^fv*  ^ 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Arciiiye 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/firstlatinbool<OOcollrich 


THE   YOUNG   AUGUSTUS 


THE 


First  Latin  Book 


BY 


WILLIAM    C.   COLLAR,   A.M. 

HEAD-MASTHR  ROXBURY  LATIN  SCHOOL 
AND 

M.   GRANT   DANIELL,    A.M. 

PRINCIPAL  CHAUNCY-HALL  SCHOOL,  BOSTON 


»    •>.    *    »   ^ 


Boston,  U.SA. 

PUBLISHED    BY    GINN    &   COMPANY 

1898 


Copyright,  1894,  by 
William  C.  Collar  and  M.  Grant  Daniell 


ALL   RIGHTS    RESERVED 


••    I     • 


PREFACE. 


This  book  is  not  a  revision  of  "  The  Beginner's  Latin 
Book,"  nor  is  it  intended  to  supersede  that  work.  It  has 
been  written  for  the  purpose  of  offering  to  schools  that 
cannot  afford  the  amount  of  time  and  practice  required 
to  complete  "The  Beginner's  Latin  Book,"  a  work  not 
less  thorough,  but  easier,  and  demanding  not  more  than 
two-thirds  as  much  time.  The  reduction  has  been  made 
almost  wholly  by  shortening  the  exercises  for  translation, 
particularly  those  to  be  turned  into  Latin. 

Those  who  compare  the  two  books  will  find  that  the 
inflections  of  the  language  are  illustrated  with  as  much 
copiousness  in  this  book  as  in  the  former.  The  same  is 
true  of  the  comparative  completeness  with  which  the 
principles  of  syntax  are  treated.  In  fact  a  place  was 
found  for  some  points  of  construction  that  were  not 
taken  up  in  the  earlier  book. 

Except  in  the  few  pages  of  introduction,  the  colloquia^ 
and  some  minor  matters,  the  contents  of  the  book  are 
new,  but  everywhere  increased  simplicity  and  clearness 
have  been  studied,  not  novelty. 

Deviations  from  the  method  of  "  The  Beginner's  Latin 
Book"  will  be  found  to  be  unimportant,  except  in  the 
treatment  of  the  pronouns,  the  subjunctive,  the  infinitive. 


870723 


iv  PREFACE. 

and  the  participle.  Instead  of  deferring  these  subjects 
till  very  late  and  then  dealing  with  them  in  mass,  they 
have  been  brought  forward  much  earlier  in  some  of 
their  uses,  so  as  to  distribute  difficulties  and  make  prac- 
tice more  gradual,  varied,  and  extended.  Reading  lessons 
have  been  introduced  early  and  great  pains  taken  to  grade 
them  in  point  of  difficulty  to  the  progress  of  the  learner, 
and  at  the  same  time  to  exemplify  those  forms  and 
principles  of  syntax  that  have  constituted  the  substance 
of  preceding  lessons. 

Beyond  such  changes  in  order  and  method,  it  did  not 
seem  to  us  wise  to  depart  from  the  plan  of  the  earlier 
book.  The  surprising  favor  with  which  that  book  v/as 
received  at  once,  on  its  publication,  and  its  annually 
increasing  use,  amounting,  as  the  publishers  inform  us, 
to  more  than  45,000  copies  a  year,  seemed  the  strongest 
justification  for  building  on  the  same  plan. 

In  preparing  the  former  book  we  conceived  it  to  be 
of  the  highest  importance,  "  while  following  a  rigorously 
scientific  method  in  the  development  of  the  successive 
subjects,  to  impart  something  of  attractiveness,  interest, 
freshness,  and  variety  to  the  study  of  the  elements  of 
Latin."  ^  To  engage  the  interest  of  the  young  learner  at 
the  outset  of  his  study  of  Latin  is  to  gain  for  him  an 
immense  advantage  in  wrestling  with  so  difficult  a  lan- 
guage. Though  this  principle  seems  to  have  been  pur- 
posely ignored  in  some  first  Latin  books  that  have 
appeared  since  the  publication  of  *'  The  Beginner's  Latin 
Book,"  we  are  not  shaken  in  our  belief  that  both  reason 
and  experience  will  continue  to  condemn  such  works  as 

1  See  "  The  Beginner's  Latin  Book,"  p.  vi. 


PREFACE.  V 

fundamentally  and  fatally  wrong  in  conception,  whatever 
be  the  care  and  skill  shown  in  their  compilation.  To 
acquire  Latin  is  a  task  calling  for  patience,  industry, 
perseverance,  time.  But  if  the  beginner,  as  sometimes 
happens,  has  the  misfortune  to  spend  a  good  part  of  a 
year  over  a  wooden  book  of  forms  and  exercises,  then 
to  be  thrust  upon  a  difficult  and  uninteresting  mili- 
tary history,  there  is  considerable  danger  that  he  will 
become  impatient,  lazy,  discouraged,  and  will  abandon 
the  study. 

Whatever  means  were  found  available  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  "  The  Beginner's  Latin  Book "  for  imparting 
"  interest  and  freshness,"  have  been  used  in  this,  and  in 
particular  the  principle  of  continuity  in  separate  exercises 
has  been  kept  in  view  and  applied  as  far  as  was  found 
practicable.  What  is  meant  may  be  found  illustrated  in 
such  exercises  as»  those  numbered  104,  118,  123,  128, 
129,  310,  480. 

It  will  be  seen  that  this  book  is  designed  to  be  not 
simply  a  stile  to  a  particular  author,  but  rather  a  gate  to 
the  Latin  language.  No  effort  has  been  made  to  keep 
the  vocabularies  down  to  the  point  of  meagreness  and  to 
circumscribe  them  to  one  set  of  ideas.  It  was  accord- 
ingly no  objection  in  the  opinion  of  the  authors,  but 
rather  a  recommendation,  that  the  selections  for  reading 
at  the  end  of  the  book  contain  a  copious  and  varied 
vocabulary.  Yet  it  appears  that  the  learner,  after  com- 
pleting the  lessons  that  precede,  has  already  had  and 
used  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  words  occurring  in  these 
selections. 

The  attention  of  all  who  use  this  book  is  called  to  the 
special  and  general  vocabularies  at  the  end.     They  are 


vi  PREFACE. 

not  mere  catalogues  of  words.  Great  pains  have  been 
taken  to  make  them  thoroughly  helpful  to  the  learner. 
Besides  references  to  the  text,  comparisons  are  constantly 
made  with  synonymous  words,  and  the  learner  is  reminded 
of  the  most  interesting  kindred  words  in  English. 

We  are  strongly  of  the  opinion  that,  after  the  rudi- 
ments have  been  learned,  it  is  wise  to  have  some  weeks 
or  months  of  reading  in  easy  Latin  before  Nepos  and 
Caesar  are  taken  up.  Even  in  the  course  of  the  first  few 
months  of  study  it  is  desirable  to  give  a  part  of  the  hour 
of  recitation  to  reading  at  sight  in  such  a  book  as  "  The 
New  Gradatim,"  the  teacher  leading  the  way  and  supply- 
ing the  meanings  of  words.  This  book  may  very  well  be 
followed  by  i^iome  easy  Latin  Reader,  or  by  "  Viri  Romae," 
for  which  a  term  or  more  of  the  first  year  should  remain 
after  completing  the  lessons.  We  are  confident  that 
such  a  course  would  so  much  lessen  4:he  difficulty  of  be- 
ginning Nepos  or  Caesar,  and  so  much  increase  the 
pleasure  and  confidence  of  the  learner,  that  it  would 
soon  seem  strange  that  a  different  practice  should  ever 
have  prevailed. 

The  merits  of  "Viri  Romae,"  as  a  reading  book  for 
boys  and  girls,  seem  not  to  be  fully  appreciated  in  this 
country.  It  is  not  too  difficult,  it  is  interesting  from  be- 
ginning to  end,  and  it  presents  to  the  young  many  noble 
ideals  of  spirit  and  conduct.  Occasionally  a  pedant  ob- 
jects to  the  Latinity ;  but  the  Latinity  is  at  least  as  good 
as  that  of  Nepos,  and  learned  schoolmasters  all  over 
Europe  put  it  into  the  hands  of  their  pupils. 

Our  thanks  are  due  to  Miss  Alice  M.  Wing,  of  the 
Springfield  High  School,  and  to  Mr.  J.  H.  Humphries, 
of  the  Girls'  High  School,  Philadelphia,  for  suggestions 


PREFACE,  vii 

made  while  the  proof-sheets  were  passing  through  the 
press.  We  are  under  special  obligations  to  Mr.  John  L. 
March,  of  the  Harry  Hillman  Academy,  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
and  to  Mr.  Clarence  W.  Gleason,  of  the  Roxbury  Latin 
School.  Both  gentlemen  made  valuable  suggestions  and 
read  the  proofs  with  as  much  concentrated  attention  and 
scrupulous  care  as  if  the  work  were  their  own  and  its 
accuracy  depended  upon  them  individually. 

Wm.  C.  Collar. 
M.  G.  Daniell. 

Boston,  Sept.  14,  1894. 


CONTENTS. 


Lesson  Page 

Grammatical  Introduction i-6 

I.    First     Declension  :     Nominative    Singular    and 

Plural 7.  8 

II.    First   Declension  :   Nominative  and  Accusative. 

—  Subject.  —  Direct  Object 9-11 

III    First    Declension  :    Dative.  —  Indirect  Object.  — 

Possessive  Dative 11-13 

IV.  First  Declension  :  Genitive.  —  Predicate  Nom- 
inative       14.  15 

V.    Second   Declension  :    Words   in   -us    and    -um. 

Apposition 16-18 

VI.    First  and  Second  Declensions:    Agreement  of 

Adjectives 18-20 

VII.    Second  Declension  :    Words  in  -er 21-23 

VIII.    The  Verb  sum :    Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future 
Indicative ;     Present    Imperative    and    Infinitive. 

—  Agreement  of  Verbs.     Colloquium 23-25 

IX.    First    Conjugation  :     Present,    Imperfect,     and 

Future   Indicative  ;    Present   Imperative  and   In- 
finitive       26,  27 

X.    Ablative  of  Agent.     Colloquium 27,  28 

XI.  The  Verb  sum :  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future 
Perfect  Indicative  ;  Perfect  Infinitive.  —  Instru- 
mental Ablative 29-31 

XII.  First  Conjugation  :  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and 
Future  Perfect  Indicative;  Perfect  Infinitive. — 
Ablative  of  Manner 31-33 


X  CONTENTS. 

Lesson  Page 

XIII.  Reading  Lesson  :    The  Romans  and  the  Sabinbs  .      T^l,  34 

XIV.  The  Demonstratives  hie  and  ille  ....     35-37 
XV.    The  Interrogative  Pronoun 37-39 

XVI.    The  Relative  Pronoun:  Agreement  of  Relative     40-42 

XVII.    The  Demonstrative  is 42-44 

XVIII.   Third   Declension  :   Mute  Stems     ....     45-47 
XIX.    Third    Declension  :    Mute  Stems.  —  Ablative 

of  Cause.     Colloquium 47-50 

XX.   Third   Declension  :    Liquid  Stems.  —  Descrip- 
tive Ablative  and  Genitive 5^^-53 

XXI.    Reading  Lesson  :   Scipio  and  Hannibal.     CoIIo- 

9"'"^ 53-55 

XXII.   Third  Declension  :  Stems  in  i 56-58 

XXIII.  Third  Declension:  Stems  in  i, — Ablative  of 

Time 58-61 

XXIV.  Third  Declension:  Gender.  —  Anecdote.    Col- 

loquium  61-63 

XXV.   Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension     .     .     64-66 

XXVI.   Ablative  of  Specification 66,  67 

XXVII.    Second  Conjugation  :  Present,  Imperfect,  and 
Future   Indicative ;     Present   Imperative   and 

Infinitive 68,  69 

XXVIII.    Reading  Lesson:  TheVolscians 70 

XXIX.   The  Locative  Case 71.  72 

XXX.  Second  Conjugation  :  Perfect,  Pluperfect, 
and  Future  Perfect  Indicative;  Perfect  Infini- 
tive       72,  73 

XXXI.   Comparison    of    Adjectives  :    Declension   of 

Comparatives. — Ablative  of  Comparison     .     .     74-76 
XXXII.   Comparison  OF  Adjectives:  /'arZ/V/V^  6'^«///z/^    77-79 

XXXIII.  Comparison  OF  Adjectives:  Ablative  of  Degree 

of  Difference 80-82 

XXXIV.  Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs. — 

Colloquium 82-85 

XXXV.   Third   Conjugation:   Present,  Imperfect,  and 
Future    Indicative;     Present    Imperative   and 

Infinitive 85-87 

XXXVI.    Reading   Lesson  :    Cornelia's  Jewels    .      .      .      .     87, 88 


CONTENTS.  XI 

Lesson  Page 

XXXVII.   Fourth  Declension 89, 90 

XXXVIII.    Third   Conjugation:    Perfect,   Pluperfect, 
and   Future    Perfect   Indicative;     Perfect 
Infinitive.  —  Ablative  of  Accompaniment     .         91-93 
XXXIX.   Personal    and     Reflexive     Pronouns  : 

Possessive  Adjectives 94-97 

XL,  Subjunctive  of  Purpose  with  ut  and 
ne.  —  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive 

of  sum,  amo,  and  moneo 98,  99 

XLI.    Fifth  Declension  :   Accusative  of  Extent. 

Colloquium 100-102 

XLII.  Third  Conjugation,  Verbs  in  -16 :  Tenses 
of  the  Indicative ;  Present  Imperative  ; 
Present  and  Perfect  Infinitive.  —  Accusa- 
tive of  Place  Whither 103-105 

XLIII.   Reading  Lesson  :   A  Battle 106,  107 

XLIV.  Subjunctive  of  Result  with  ut  and  ut 
non.  —  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunctive 

of  reg5  and  capio 107-109 

XLV.   Numerals:  Cardinals.     Colloquium  .     .     .     110-112 
XLVI.    Numerals  :     Ordinals.  —  Irregular    Adjec- 
tives   113,  114 

XLVII.  Complementary  Infinitive  :  Indicative, 
Infinitive,  Present  and  Imperfect  Subjunc- 
tive of  possum.  — Predicate  Adjective  after 
Complementary  Infinitive.  —  Subject  of  the 

Infinitive II5-I17 

XLVIII.   The  Demonstratives  iste,  idem,  ipse     .     118-120 

XLIX.   The  Indefinite  Pronouns 121-123 

L.   Reading  Lesson  :   Ciceronis  Epistula.  —  De 

Vitus  Hominum 1 23,  124 

LI.   Accusative  AND  Infinitive:  Indirect  Dis- 
course. —  Future  Infinitives.  —  Tenses  of  the 

Infinitive 125-128 

LII.  Fourth  Conjugation  :  Present,  Imperfect, 
and  Future  Indicative ;  Present  and  Imper- 
fect Subjunctive;  Present  Imperative  and 
Infinitive 128-130 


xii  CONTENTS. 

Lbsson  Page 

LIII.  Fourth  Conjugation:  Perfect,  Pluperfect, 
and  Future  Perfect  Indicative ;  Perfect  and 
Future   Infinitive.  —  Subjunctive  after   Verbs 

of  Fearing 131-133 

LIV.   Review  of  the  Four  Conjugations     .     .     134,  135 

LV.    Derivation 136-138 

LVI.   Present  and  Perfect  Participles    .     .     .     139-141 
LVII.    Deponent     Verbs  :     Ablative    with    Certain 

Deponents.     Colloquium 142-145 

LVIII.   The   Irregular    Verbs   volo,    n51o,   malo : 

Dative  with  Intransitive  Verbs 146-148 

LIX.   Reading   Lesson:   Ars  Memoriae.  — Cerva  et 

VlTIS 149,    150 

LX.    Cwai-Clauses :  Pluperfect  Subjunctive. —  Nasica 

ET  Ennius 150-152 

LXI.    Ablative  Absolute 1 53-^55 

LXII.   Reading  Lesson  :   Gallia  Pacata    .     .     .     .  156,  157 
LXI  1 1.   Compounds  of  sum  :  Dative  with  Compounds. 

—  Dative  of  Service.  —  De  Amicitia  .      .     .     .  157-160 
LXIV.    The  Verb  eo  :    Expressions  of  Place.  —  Abla- 
tive of  Separation.     Colloquium 161-165 

LXV.    Sequence  of  Tenses  :    Indirect  Questions.  — 

Perfect  Subjunctive 166-169 

LXVI.   The  Verbs  fero  and  fio.     Colloquium      .     .  169-172 
LXVIL   The  Subjunctive  in  Relative  Clauses. — 

Cum.  Causal  and  Concessive 172-174 

LXVIII.  The  Subjunctive  in  Wishes  and  Appeals: 

Future  Imperative 175-178 

LXlX.   Conditional  Sentences. — Alexander  et  Par- 

MENio 1 78-18 1 

LXX.    Reading  Lesson  :  Proserpina 182,  183 

LXXI.    Periphrastic  Conjugations:  Future  Active 

Participle  and  Gerundive.  —  Dative  of  Agent  184-186 

LXXII.  Gerund  and  Gerundive. — Supine. — Tubicen  187-190 

Reading  Lessons 193-203 

Tables  of  Declension  and  Conjugation  ....     205-238 
Vocabularies 239-286 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


The  Young  Augustus.    Frontispiece. 


PAGE 

Arae 8 

Tuba 13 

Hasta  . 15 

Carrus 20 

Cymba 25 

Aratrum  Antiquum      .  34 

Rostra 39 

Eques 44 

SciPio  .     ) 
Hannibal) 

Gladius 67 

POCULUM 69 

Arcus 73 

Scuta '](^ 

Navis  Pirata    ....  79 

Navis  Longa    ....  88 

Templum 93 


55 


PAGE 

Galeae 97 

PiLA 102 

SiGNA 105 

Denarius 112 

Gaius  Julius  Caesar     .  117 

CoRNUA 130 

Milites  Romani    .     .     .  133 

Cicero 141 

Testudo 148 

Calcei 152 

Pharetra  cum  Sagittis  155 

CURRUS 160 

Vexillum 183 

Calcar 186 

RoMANUS  IN  Toga  Prae- 

TEXTA 191 


.y 


THE       '•-•>,, 

FIRST  LATIN   BOOK. 


GRAMMATICAL   INTRODUCTION. 

This  introduction,  particularly  so  much  of  it  as  relates  to 
pronunciation,  may  be  most  profitably  used  for  reference.  Pupils 
catch  pronunciation  quickly  from  the  lips  of  the  teacher,  and,  if 
they  make  mistakes,  are  interested  in  being  referred  to  rules.  It 
is  therefore  advised  that  the  teacher  begin  with  the  Colloquium^ 
page  5,  pronouncing  slowly  each  sentence,  the  pupils  following 
successively,  and  then  together. 


1.  Alphabet. — The  Latin  alphabet  has  no/  or  w. 
Otherwise  it  is  the  same  as  the  English. 

2.  /  does  service  both  as  a  vowel  and  as  a  con- 
sonant. Before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable  it  has 
the  force  of  a  consonant,  and  is  called  i-consonant. 

3.  Of  the  consonants 

The  mutes  are -P.  b,  t,  d,  c,  k,  g,  q. 

The  liquids  are 1,  m,  n,  r. 

The  sibilant  is s. 

The  double  consonants  are    .     .     x  =  <:j  or  gs^  z  =  ds. 


2  PRONUNCIATION. 

Sounds  OF  T^HE  Letters,  Roman  Method. 

.\  J 4/ ''  y \  \J  '  f  ]  r.\  / '  '<   Vowels. 

a  as  the  last  ^  in  «^^'.  a  as  the  first  a  in  aha\ 

e  as  in  they.  e  as  in  w^/. 

i  as  in  machine.  i  as  in  pin. 

o  as  in  holy.  6  as  in  wholly. 

u  1  like  tf^  in  boot.  u  like  ^t?  in  foot. 

5.  Diphthongs. 

ae  like  ai  in  fl/j/<?.  au  like  ou  in  ^«r. 

ei    (rare)  like  ei  in  <?z^^/.  oe  like  oi  in  ^£?/7. 

eu  (rare)  like  eu  in  feud.  ^J^  .     ^<^-^; 

6.  Consonants. 

Consonants  generally  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  English. 
But  observe  the  following  :  — 

c  as  in  come.  g  as  in  get. 

i-consonant  like_y  \nyet.  b  as  in  sun. 

t  as  in  time.  v  like  w  in  wine. 

ch  like  k  in  kite.  ph  like  /  in  far. 

7.  Syllables. 

I.  A  syllable  consists  of  a  vowel  or  diphthong 
with  or  without  one  or  more  consonants.  Hence 
a  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  vowels  and 
diphthongs  :  ae-gri-tu'-do,  sickness. 

^  In  quy  gu,  and  sometimes  in  utterance    with    the    preceding 

su,  before  a  vowel,  «  is  a  semi-  letter ;    so   likewise   in  cui   and 

vowel    or    consonant,    is    pro-  huic :   quis,   qui,   who,   an'-guis, 

nounced  like  w,  and  joined  in  snake ;  con-sue'-tus,  accustomed. 


PRONUNCIA  TION.  3 

2.  When  a  word  is  divided  into  syllables,  a  single 
consonant  is  joined  with  the  vowel  following:  a-ma- 
bi-lis,  amiable. 

3.  If  there  are  two  or  more  consonants  between 
two  vowels,  as  many  are  joined  with  the  following 
vowel  as  can  be  pronounced  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word  or  syllable:  im'-pro-bus,  bad;  ho'-spes,  guest. 

4.  But  in  compound  words  the  division  must 
show  the  component  parts  :  ab'-est  (ab,  away ;  est, 
he  is),  he  is  away. 

5.  The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima  ; 
the  one  next  to  the  last,  the  penult ;  the  one  before 
the  penult,  the  antepenult, 

8.  Quantity. 

1.  Vowels  are  long  (~)  or  short  (^).  In  this  book 
the  long  vowels  are  marked,  except  in  some  titles ; 
unmarked  vowels  must  be  regarded  as  short. 

2.  A  vowel  is  short  before  a  vowel  (with  few 
exceptions)  or  // :  p6-e'-ma,  poem;  gra'-ti-ae,  thanks; 
ni'-hil,  nothing. 

3.  Diphthongs,  vowels  representing  diphthongs, 
and  vowels  resulting  from  contraction  are  long: 
in-cau'-tus,  heedless;  in-i'-quus  (inaequus),  unequal; 
CO '-go  (c6igo),  collect. 

4.  A  syllable  is  long  when  it  contains  a  long 
vowel  or  a  diphthong:  vo'-ces,  voices;  ae'-des,  temple. 

5.  A  syllable  is  long  if  it  has  a  short  vowel  fol- 
lowed by  two  or  more  consonants   (except  a  mute 


4  PRONUNCIATION. 

followed  by  /  or  r),  or  by  ;tr  or  ^;  but  the  short  vowel 
is  still  pronounced  short :  sunt,  they  are;  tem'-plum, 
temple;  dux,  leader.  ,  i 

9.  Accent.       «..>cja>uCx)Xm  .  (;iSr-^^  ^  . 

1.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  on 
the  first:  tu'-ba,  trumpet. 

2.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  have  the 
accent  on  the  penult  when  the  penult  is  long, 
otherwise  on  the  antepenult:  prae-di'-co,  foretell; 
prae'-di-co,  declare  ;  il-le'-ce-brae,  snares  ;  pa-ter'-nus,^ 
paternal. 

3.  Several  words,  called  enclitics,  of  which  the 
commonest  are  -ne,  the  sign  of  a  question,  and  -que, 
and,  are  appended  to  other  words,  and  such  words 
are  then  accented  on  the  syllable  preceding  the 
-ne  or  -que :  amat'-ne,  does  he  love  ?  dona'-que,  and 
gifts. 

10.  English  Method  of  Pronunciation.  —  By 
this  method  the  above  rules  relating  to  syllables  (7) 
and  accent  (9)  are  observed,  and  words  are  pro- 
nounced substantially  as  in  English;  but  final  es  is 
sounded  as  in  English  ease,  and  the  final  ds  (ace. 
plur.)  as  in  dose. 

iHere,  though  the  vowel  of  the  penult  is  short,  the  syllable  is 
long  by  8,  5. 


PRONUNCIA  TION. 


The  following  colloquium  may  be  used  for  practice  and 
to  illustrate  the  preceding  statements.  See  introductory  note, 
page  I. 

11.  Colloquium. 

Augustus.  Quid  tibi  vis  ?  What  do   you    wish    {for 

yourself)  1 

I  should  like  to  take  a  walk 
with  you. 

I  don't  want  to  ;  I  prefer 
to  stay  at  home. 

Why  do  you  prefer  (that)  1 

My  brother  and  I  had 
rather  take  a  walk  at  evening 
with  our  father. 

Why  don't  you  want  to 
roam  with  me  through  the 
woods  ? 

Because  we  had  rather  enjoy 
the  pleasantness  of  evening 
than  the  heat  of  the  sun. 

But  often  before  now  you 
have  not  wanted  to  walk  with 
me. 

What  you  say  is  not  true; 
there  is  no  reason  why  I 
should  not  want  to  walk  with 
you;  but  since  grandfather's 
garden  is  quite  large,  and  has 
a  pond  and  a  grove,  we  had 
rather  play  there.  If  you 
like,  come  with  us. 


lulus.  Tecum  ambulare 
velim. 

A.  Ego  nolo;  domi  ma- 
nere  malo. 

/.   Cur  mavis  ? 

A.  Ego  et  frater  vesperi 
cum  patre  ambulare  malumus. 

/  Ciir  mecum  per  silvas 
vagari  non  vultis  ? 

A.  Quod  vesperi  amoeni- 
tate  frui  malumus  quam  soils 
ardore. 

I.  At  iam  saepe  mecum 
ambulare  n51uisti. 

A.  Non  recte  dicis;  non 
est  causa  ciir  tecum  ambulare 
nolim;  at  cum  hortus  avi  satis 
amplus  sit  et  lacum  silvam- 
que  contineat,  ibi  malumus 
liidere.  Si  vis,  nobiscum  veni. 


6  CASES  AND   GENDER. 

12.  Cases. 

I .  The  names  of  the  cases  in  Latin  are  :  nomina- 
tive^  genitive,  dative,  accusative,  ablative,  vocative, 
locative.  Their  characteristics  of  form,  meaning, 
and  use  are  illustrated  in  the  paradigms  and  exer- 
cises which  follow. 

13.  Gender.  —  The  gender  of  Latin  nouns  is 
determined  partly,  as  in  English,  by  the  meaning, 
but  much  oftener  by  the  termination. 

1.  Nouns  denoting  males,  and  names  of  rivers, 
winds,  and  months,  are  masculine :  a.gricolSif  farmer ; 
Cicero,  Cicero;  Padus,  Po ;  aquilo,  north  wind; 
lanuarius,  January. 

2.  Nouns  denoting  females,  and  names  of  coun- 
tries, towns,  islands,  and  trees,  2iXQ  femijiine :  regina, 
qtieen  ;  Tullia,  Tullia  ;  Afvica.,  Africa  ;  RomSLyRome; 
Sicilia,  Sicily;  pirus,  pear-tree. 


It  is  assumed  that  the  learner  knows  the  names  and 
functions  of  the  parts  of  speech  in  English,  and  the  meanings 
of  the  common  grammatical  terms,  such  as  subject  and  predi- 
cate, case^  mood,  tense,  voice,  declension,  conjugation,  etc.  So 
much  knowledge  is  absolutely  essential  for  entering  upon  the 
study  of  the  following  lessons. 


FIRST  DECLENSION.  7 

LESSON   I. 
First    Declension. 

The  StemI  ends  in  a. 
Gender.     The  gender  is  feminine  ;  but  see  13,  i . 

Nominative  Singular  and  Plural. 

14.  Models, 
singular.  plural. 

mensa,  table.  mensae,  tables. 

puella,  girl.  puellae,  girls. 

hasta,    spear.  hastae,    spears. 

a.  How  does  the  plural  of  the  Latin  noun  differ  from  the 
singular?  Form  the  plural  of  the  adjectives  below  in  the 
same  way. 

15.  Vocabulary. 

NOUNS.  ADJECTIVES. 

columba,  f.  dove.  alba,  white. 

dea,  f .  goddess.  bona,  good. 

filia,  f.  daughter.  lata,  wide.,  broad. 

hasta,  f.  spear.,  P-  I5-  longa,  long. 

mensa,  f.  table.  parva,  small. 

Miisa,  f.  Muse.  tua,  your.,  yours  (247,  a). 

puella,  f .  girl. 

via,  f.  road.,  street. 

VERBS.  ADVERBS. 

est,  {he.,  she.,  it^  is.  ubi,  where. 

sunt,  {they)  are.  -ne,  sign  of  a  question  (9,  3). 

1  The  stem  is  the  common  base  to  express  the  relation  of  the 
to  which  certain  letters  are  added       word  to  other  words. 


8  FIRST  DECLENSION. 

16.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Columba  est  alba,  the  dove  is  white. 

2.  Columbae  sunt  albae,  doves  are  white. 

3.  Estne  tua  filia  parva  ?    is  your  daughter  small? 

4.  Ubi  sunt  longae  hastae  ?    where  are  the  long  spears  f 

a.  Observe  that  the  adjectives  in  the  above  sentences  agree 
with  their  nouns  in  number. 

b.  In  Latin  there  is  no  article  :    mensa  may  be  translated, 
a  table^  the  table^  or  table. 


17.  I.  Via  est  longa.  2.  Viae  sunt  longae.  3.  Puella 
est  parva.  4.  Puellae  sunt  parvae.  5.  Hastae  sunt 
longae.  6.  Mensa  est  lata.  7.  Deae  siint  bonae.  8.  Musa 
est  bona.  9.  Ubi  est  filia  bona  ?  10.  Suntne  columbae 
parvae.?  11.  Estne  via  lata.**  12.  Longa  via  est  bona. 
13.  Longae  viae  sunt  bonae.  14.  Suntne  longae  viae 
latae  1 

18.  I.  Where  is  the  little  girl.?  2.  Where  are  the 
little  girls  ?  3.  Are  the  girls  small  1  4.  Are  the  goddesses 
good?  5.  The  broad  street  is  long.  6.  The  white  dove 
is  small.  7.  The  daughters  are  good.  8.  Is  the  spear  a 
good  one^?  9.  Is  the  spear  long.?  10.  Are  the  spears 
long?     II.  The  tables  are  long  and  broad. 

1  Omit. 


Arae. 


FIRST  DECLENSION, 


LESSON   II. 

First    Declension.  —  Continued. 

Nominative  and  Accusative. 


19. 

SINGULAR. 

N.    tuba,  a  tru7npet. 

G.    tubae,  of  a  trumpet. 

D.    tubae,  to  ox  for  a  trumpet 

Ac.  tubam,  a  trumpet. 

Ab.  tuba,  with  a  trumpet. 


Paradigm. 

PLURAL. 

N.    tubae,  trumpets. 

G.     tubaniin,  of  trumpets. 

D.    tubis,  to  ox  for  trumpets. 

Ac.  tubas,  trumpets. 

Ab.  tubis,  with  trumpets. 


a.  Terminations,  printed  in  the  paradigm  in  blacker  type, 
consist  of  case  endings  joined  with  the  final  letter  of  the  stem. 
But  sometimes  the  final  letter  of  the  stem  is  lost,  and  sometimes 
the  case  ending. 

b.  Decline  the  adjectives  below  like  the  nouns. 


20. 

NOUNS. 

ara,  f.  altar. 
Minerva,  1  f.  Minerva. 
pecunia,  f.  7noney. 
poeta,  ra.  poet  (13,  i). 
regina,  f.  queen. 
rosa,  f.  rose. 
tuba,  f.  trumpet^  p.  13 


Vocabulary. 

ADJECTIVES. 

grata,  pleasing.,  acceptable. 
mea,  my,  mine. 
pulchra,  beautiful. 


et,  conj.  and. 
quid,  pron.  what? 


amat,  {he.,  she.,  it)  loves.  dat,  (he,  she,  it)  gives. 

amant,  {they)  love.  dant,  {they)  give. 

habet,  {he,  she,  it)  has.  laudat,  {he,  she,  it)  praises. 

habent,  {they)  have.  laudant,  {they)  praise. 

a.    How  does  the  plural  of  the  verb  forms  differ  from  the 
singular  ? 

^  No  plural. 


10  FIRST  DECLENSION. 

21.  Model  Sentences, 

1 .  Minerva  aram  habet,  Minerva  has  an  altar. 

2.  Poeta  tuam  filiam  laudat,  the  poet  praises  your  daughter. 

3.  Quid  habent  Minerva  et  Musae?  what  have  Minerva 
and  the  Muses  ? 

4.  Pecuniam  meam  habent,  they  have  my  money. 

a.  Observe  the  adjectives  tuam  and  meam.     They  agree 
with  their  nouns  in  case  as  well  as  in  number. 

b.  Observe  the  order  of  the  words  in  each  Latin  sentence, 
and  compare  it  with  the  order  in  English. 

c.  Observe  the  cases.     To  what  case  in  English  does  the 
accusative  in  these  sentences  correspond? 

d.  When  the  subject  of  the  verb  is  not  expressed,  the  ending 
of  the  verb  shows  the  person  and  number  of  the  omitted  subject. 

22.  Rule.  —  The  subject  of  a  finite^  verb  is  in  the 
nominative. 

23.  Rule.  —  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb 
is  in  the  accuisative. 


24.  I .  Tua  pecunia  est  grata.  2.  Quid  habent  poetae? 
3.  Meae  filiae  rosas  albas  dant.  4.  Datne  dea  bona 
pulchram  tubam?  5.  Puellae  pulchrae  columbas  amant. 
6.  Minerva  et  Musae  aras  habent.  7.  Poeta  amat 
columbam  parvam.  8.  Hastas  longas  laudat.  9.  Pul- 
chras  puellas  laudant.      10.  Ubi  sunt  tuae  tubae  ? 

25.  I.  They  praise  the  broad  streets.  2.  The  beauti- 
ful queen  has  a  beautiful  rose.  3.  Where  is  the  queen 
and  where   is  the  poet  ?     4.    He  gives  a  spear  and  a 

1  That  is,  in  any  mood  except  the  infinitive. 


FIRST  DECLENSION.  11 

trumpet.  5.  Your  spear  is  a  long  one,^  6.  They  have 
money.  7.  What  has  Minerva  .^  8.  Minerva  has  a  spear. 
9.  Has  the  goddess  a  beautiful  altar.?  10.  Are  the  tables 
pleasing  1 

26.  Colloquium. 

Estne  via  lata  1     Certe  {certainly)^  via  est  lata  et  longa. 
Quid  habet  puella  parva  ?  Puella  parva  rosam  albam  habet. 
Laudantne  bonam  reginam  ?     Reginam  laudant  et  amant. 
Ubi  est  mea  filia  parva  ?     Tua  filia  est  in  (/«)  via. 


LESSON   III. 

First    Declension.  —  Continued. 
Dative. 
27.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Poeta  reginae  rosam  dat,  the  poet  gives  a  rose  to  the 
queen;  or,  the  poet  gives  the  qiceen  a  rose. 

2.  Colmnba  alba  est  puellae,  there  is  a  white  dove  to  the 
girl;  that  is,  the  girl  has  a  white  dove. 

3.  Pecunia  poetae  grata  est,  money  is  acceptable  to  the  poet. 

a.  Observe  in  the  first  sentence  that  the  direct  object  of  dat 
is  rosam.  What  the  poet  gives  is  a  rose  ;  the  person  to  who?n 
he  gives  is  reginae,  representing  the  indirect  object. 

^,      28.   Rule.  —  The  indirect  object  is  put  in  the 
dative. 

b.  Observe  now  the  second  sentence.  The  meaning  is  exactly 
the  same  as  if  it  were  puella  habet  columbam.  The  dative  thus 
used  is  called  the  dative  of  the  possessor,  or  the  possessive 
dative. 

1  Omit. 


12  7^/^6T  DECLENSION.  W^Xj^*^ 

^  29.  Rule.  —  The  dative  is  used  with  est,  sunt, 
etc.,  forms  of  the  verb  sum  {516),  to  denote  pos- 
session, the  thing  possessedrbeing  the  subject. 

c.  The  third  sentence  illustrates  a  use  of  the  dative  with 
adjectives. 

30.  Vocabulary. 

NOUNS.  VERBS. 

agricola,  vs\.  farmer.  erat,  was. 

Britannia,  f.  Britain.  erant,  were.  x    \  ^^^ 

fabiila,  f.  story.  narrat,  tells.  \A    \v      vr^VwJ" 

Galba,  m.  Galba.  narrant,  tell.  «    ^   'V     ^^^ 

luna,  f.  moon.  placet,  pleases,  ).,,.. 

.,       r    .  ,        \  With  dative, 

silva,  I.  forest.  placent,  please, ) 

ADJECTIVES.  in,  prep,  with  abl.,  in,  on. 


cara,  dear.  >uJ"lXi%-  iJ  Qui ,     grata  est  =  placet, 
nova,  new.  gratae  sunt  =  placent 


Follow  the  Latin  order  in  the  first  rendering  of  Latin  sen- 
tences into  English.  That  will  aid  you  in  making  out  the 
meaning  ;    you  can  then  translate  into  good  English. 

31.  I.  Agricolae  est  filia.  2.  Agricola  filiam  habet. 
3.  Poeta  reginae  narrat  fabulam.  4.  Fabula  reginae  est 
grata.  5.  Fabula  reginae  placet.  6.  Parvae  puellae  agri- 
cola dat  rosam.  7.  Tubae  parvis  puellis  placent.  8.  In 
Britannia  erant  longae  viae.  9.  Galba  et  poeta  in  silva 
erant.     10.  Luna  nova  erat  agricolae  grata. 

32.  Note  the  arrangement  of  words  in  the  preceding  exer- 
cise. 

a.  In  a  Latin  sentence  the  subject  is  oftener  placed  first 
than  elsewhere,  and  the  verb  (except  est  and  sunt)  oftener  comes 
last  than  elsewher^. 


\  Vsnn.  kV 


FIRST  DECLENSION. 


13 


^.  If  the  subject  seems  to  be  more  emphatic  than  any  other 
word,  it  should  be  placed  first. 

c.  Of  two  words  that  go  together,  as  an  adjective  and  a 
noun,  the  more  emphatic  comes  first.  The  adjective  oftener 
precedes. 

^.  It  follows  that  there  is  great  freedom  in  the  arrangement 
of  words  in  a  Latin  sentence  ;  but  the  order  must  have  a 
meaning.     Do  not  arrange  your  words  at  haphazard. 

33.  Examine  these  three  forms  of  the  fifth  sentence 
of  31  and  the  translation  :  — 

1 .  Fabula  reginae  placet,  the  story  {not  the  poem)  pleases 
the  queen. 

2.  Reginae  placet  fabula,  the  story  pleases  the  queen  {not 
the  king). 

3.  Placet  fabula  reginae,  the  story  pleases  {not  grieves) 
the  queen. 

34.  i.^  Galba  has  a  daughter.  2.  The  daughter  tells 
the  poet^  a  story.  3.  On  .the  altar  there  ^  was  a  rose. 
4.  The  new  moon  pleases^  the  farmer.'*  5.  The  Muses 
were  dear  to  Minerva.  6.  My  daughters  give  the  farmer 
some'  money.  7.  And  the  farmers  give  my  daughters* 
pretty  roses.  8.  What  has  the  queen  ?  9.  The  altars 
please  ^  the  goddesses.* 


1  Translate  in  two  ways. 

2  Not  the  ace.     Look  out  for 
other  examples. 

»  Omit. 


*  Dative. 

5  Dea  and  filia  have  Sbus  in 
the  dative  and  ablative  plural : 
deabus,  filiabus. 


Tuba. 


(V, 


14  FIRST  DECLENSION. 

LESSON    IV. 
First    Declension.  —  Continued. 
Genitive.     Predicate  Nominative. 

35.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Vesta  erat  dea  Romae,  Vesta  was  a  goddess  of  Rome. 

2.  Victoria  est  Britanniae  regina,  Victoria  is  queen  of 
Britain. 

3.  Cara  deae  est  ara  Musae,  dear  to  the  goddess  is  the 
Muse''s  altar. 

4.  Filia  agricolae  rosam  dat  poetae,  the  farmer^  s  daughter 
gives  a  rose  to  the  poet. 

a.  Point  out  the  genitive  in  each  of  the  above  sentences, 
and  tell  what  word  it  limits. 

36.  Rule.  —  A  noun  used  to  limit  or  define 
another,  and  not  meaning  the  same  person  or 
thing,  is  put  in  the  genitive. 

b.  Examine  the  first  two  sentences.  Dea  denotes  the  same 
person  as  Vesta  the  subject ;  regina  the  same  as  the  subject 
Victoria.  Nouns  thus  used  with  est  and  similar  verbs  are  called 
predicate  nouns. 

37.  Rule.  —  A  predicate  noun  agrees  with  the 
subject  in  case. 

38.  Vocabulary. 

Europa,  f .  Europe.  Vesta,  f .  Vesta  (a  goddess'). 

fera,  f .  wild  beast.  Victoria,  f.  Victoria. 

Gallia,  f.  Gaul.  

Graecia,  f .  Greece.  magna,  adj.  great. 

Helvetia,  f.  Helvetia.  quis,  pron.  who  ? 

insula,  f.  island.  hodie,  adv.  to-day. 

itaUa,  f.  Italy.  ^^  adv.  not. 

Roma,  f.  Rome.  ^^et,  verb,  sees. 

terra,  f.  land,  country.  vident,  verb,  see. 


FIRST  DECLENSION.  15 

39.  I.  Helvetia  erat  terra  Galliae.  2.  Gallia  erat 
Europae    terra.      3.    Italia    est    Europae    magna    terra. 

4.  Vesta  et  Minerva  deae  erant  Romae.     5.  Nonne^  pul-. 
chrae   erant   Vestae   et   Minervae   arae?      6.    Ubi   sunt 
hodie  Graeciae  deae.?     7.  Graecia  erat  terra  Musarum. 
8.   Nonne  sunt  puellarum   rosae   magnae  ?     9.   Britannia 
est  Europae  insula.     10.  Quis  vias  Britanniae  non  laudat } 

a.  In  which  sentences  does  the  genitive  precede  the  word 
which  it  limits  ?     Account  for  its  position. 

40.  I.  Italy  and  Greece  are  countries  of  Europe. 
2.  The  roads  of  Greece  are  not  wide  and  long.  3.  Are 
the  roads  of  the  island  long  ?    4.  Who  sees  my  daughters  t 

5.  The  queen  sees  the  farmers'  daughters.  )6.  She  gives 
the  beautiful  girl  money.  7.  Galba  has  a  trmnpet.  8.  Who 
sees  wild  beasts  in  Italy  to-day  ?  9.  They  see  the  new 
moon.     10.  Dear  to  the  poet  are  the  farmer's  woods. 

41.  Colloquium. 

Estne  hodie  in  Britannia  regina  ?  Certe,  Victoria  est 
regina  in  Britannia. 

Filias  habetne  regina  ?     Filias  habet  regina. 
Ubi  sunt  ferae  magnae  ?     Sunt  in  Africa  et  in  Asia. 
Nonne  sunt  ferae  in  Europa  ?     Non  sunt  magnae  ferae. 
Quid  puellis  placet  ?     Rosae  albae  placent  puellis. 

^  Nonne  expects  the  answer  ^.fj. 


-0^= — == ==^ — =^ 

Hasta. 


16  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

LESSON   V. 
Second  Declension. 

The  Stem  ends  in  6. 
Apposition. 

42.  Gender.  —  Nouns  of  the  second  declension 
ending  in  um  are  neuter  ;  most  others  are  masculine. 
But  see  13,  2. 


3. 

Paradigms. 

Hortus,  garden. 

Donum,  gift. 

SINGULAR.         PLURAL. 

SINGULAR.                PLURAL. 

N. 

hortus       horti 

N. 

donum          dona 

G. 

horti          hortorum 

G. 

d5ni              donorum 

D. 

horto         hortis 

D. 

dono             donis 

Ac. 

hortum      hortos 

Ac. 

donum          dona 

Ab. 

horto   H-  hortis 

Ab. 

d5no             donis 

a.  The  vocative  singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  second 
declension  has  a  special  form  in  /:  horte.  The  vocative  of  other 
nouns  is  the  same  in  form  as  the  nominative. 

b.  The  vocative  is  the  case  of  address:  Marce,  Marcus. 

c.  What  cases  of  hortus  are  alike  in  the  singular  ?  What 
in  the  plural  1  What  case  of  the  singular  is  like  a  plural  case  ? 
What  cases  of  the  plural  have  endings  like  those  of  tuba  (19)  ? 

44.  Paradigm  illustrating  Apposition. 

N.  Marcus  amicus,  Marcus^  a  friend. 

G.  Marci  amici,  of  Marcus^  a  friend.. 

D.  Marco  amico,  to  Marcus.,  a  friend. 

Ac.  Marcum  amicum,  Marcus^  a  friend. 

Ab.  a  Marco  amico,  by  Marcus.,  a  friend. 

V.  Marce,  amice,  Marcus^  (my)  friend. 


SECOND  DECLENSION.  1^ 

a.  When  a  descriptive  noun  is  joined  to  another,  meaning 
the  same  person  or  thing,  as  amicus  to  Marcus,  it  is  called  an 
appositive. 

45.  Rule.  —  An  appositive  agrees  in  case  with 
the  noun  which  it  limits.  (J%n.v^ 

a.  Read  again  the  first  two  model  sentences  of  Lesson  IV. 
You  will  see  that  the  predicate  nominative  resembles  an 
appositive.     Wherein  do  they  differ  ? 

46.  Vocabulary. 

amicus,  -i,  m.  friend.  donum,  -i,  n.  gift. 

cibus,  -i,  m.  food.  frumentum,  -i,  n.  grain. 
dominus,  -i,  m.  lord,  master.      pil.\iai,-i,n.javelin,p.io2. 

equus,  -i,  m.  horse.  poculum,  -i,  n.  cup,  p.  69. 

hortus,  -i,  m.  garden.  vinum,  -i,  n.  wine. 

inimicus,  -i,  m.  enemy.  delectat,  delights. 

nauta,  -ae,  m.  sailor.  delectant,  delight. 


47.  I.  Marcus  amicus  est  domini.  2.  Marcus,  agri- 
colae  amicus,  erat  nauta.  3.  Puella  poculum,  donum 
amici,  habet.  4.  Equi  erant  Galbae,  agricolae.  5.  Do- 
num delectat  poetam,  reginae  amicum.  6.  Agricolae 
frumentum  equis  dant.  7.  Cibus  equorum  est  fru- 
mentum. 8.  In  poculo  est  vinum.  9.  Columba  grata 
est  poetae,  Marci  amico.  10.  Ubi  erant  tubae  et  pila, 
dona  amicorum  ?  11.  In  Helvetia,  Galliae  terra,  erant 
silvae  magnae.  12.  Marce,  amice,  quid  est  in  poculo 
nautae?     13.  Nauta  vinum  in  poculo  habet. 

48.  I.  Where  are  the  farmer's  friends  to-day?  2.  Who 
sees  wild  beasts  in  Italy,  a  country  of  Europe  ?  3.  Do 
the  javelins  and  the  cups  delight  the  enemies  ?     4.  They 


18  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSIONS, 

tell  Marcus,  the  sailor,  a  new  story.  5.  Marcus  praises 
the  good  story.  6.  To  the  maiden,  daughter  of  the 
master,  he  gives  a  white  rose.  7.  The  rose  was  the  gift 
of  a  friend.  8.  Friend,  the  little  girl,  your  daughter, 
is  in  the  garden.  9.*  Do  not^  the  maidens  love  the 
farmer's  garden  1  10.  The  enemies  of  the  farmers  are 
in  the  forests  of  the  island. 


LESSON  VI. 

First  and  Second  Declensions. 

Agreement  of  Adjectives. 

49.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions 
have  three  terminations  to  mark  the  different  gen- 
ders :  bonus,  masculine  ;  bona,  feminine  ;  bonum, 
neuter.  The  masculine  is  declined  like  hortus,  the 
feminine  like  tuba,  and  the  neuter  like  donum. 

a.    For  the  full  declension  of  bonus,  see  500. 

50.  Model  Sentences. 

I.  Hortus  est  magnus.  5.  Hastam  longam  habet. 

'    2.  Horti  Biint  magnl.  6.  Hastas  longas  habent. 

3.  Donum  est  gratum.  7.  Agricola  est  bonus. 

4.  Dona  sunt  grata.  8.  Agricolae  sunt  boni 

a.  Adjectives  are  used  in  six  of  the  above  sentences,  as  in 
the  first  lesson,  after  est  and  sunt.  So  used,  they  are  called 
predicate  adjectives.     Compare  predicate  nouns  (35). 

1  See  p.  1 5,  note  i . 


FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSIONS.  19 

51.  Paradigm. 

Nauta  bonus,  good  sailor. 

N.     nauta  bonus  nautae  boni 

G.     nautae  boni  nautarum  bonorum 

D.     nautae  bono  nautis  bonis 

Ac.  nautam  bonum  nautas  bonos 

Ab.   nauta  bono  nautis  bonis 

52.  In  the  first  six  of  the  model  sentences,  an  adjective 
qualifying  a  noun  has  the  same  termination  as  its  noun.  But 
observe  7  and  8  and  the  paradigm  nauta  bonus. 

53.  Rule.  —  Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns 
in  gender,  nitmhcr,  and  case. 

a.  Decline  agricola  validus,  strong  farmer  j  gratus  poeta, 
pleasing  poet. 

54.  Vocabulary. 

carrus,  -i,  m.  wagon,  pt  20.  clarus,  -a,  -xun,  famous. 

incola,  -ae,  m.  inhabitant.  multus,  -a,  -um,  tnuch. 

oppidum,  -i,  n.  town.  multi  (pi.  of  multus).  -ae,  -a, 
remus,  -i,  m.  oar.  many. 

servus,  -i,  m.  slave,  servant.  peritus,  -a,  -lun,  skilful. 

ventus,  -i,  m.  wind.  validus,  -a,  -um,  strong. 


portat,  bears,  carries. 
in,  prep,  with  ace,  iiito.  portant,  bear,  carry. 

ADJECTIVES   ALREADY    USED    IN   THE   FEMININE. 

aibus,  -a,  -um,  white.  longus,  -a,  -um,  long. 

bonus,  -a,  -tun,  good.  magnus,  -a,  -um,  large. 

cams,  -a,  -um,  dear.  mens,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  pleasing.  novus,  -a,  -um,  new. 

latus,  -a,  -mn,  wide.  parvus,  -a,  -um,  small' 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  thine,  your,  yours. 


20  FIRST  AND   SECOND  DECLENSIONS. 

55.  I.  Nonne  agricola  bonus  hortum  bonum  habet? 
2.  Agricolae  bono  est  hprtus  magnus.  3.  Marcus  filiae 
dat  pocula,  pulchra  dona.  4.  Nautae  perito  sunt  remi 
magni.  5.  Carri  agricolarum  erant  validi.  6.  Magni 
venti  nautis  non  sunt  grati.  7.  Poeta  clarus  Musis  placet. 
8.  Equi  domini  frumentum  in  oppida  portant.  9.  Multi 
horti  in  oppido  sunt.  10.  Multum  cibum  in  oppidum 
portant  equi  et  servi. 

56.  I.  Galba  is  a  sturdy^  farmer.  2.  He  has  much 
grain,  a  food  pleasant  to  horses.  3.  His^  horses  carry 
their  ^  master  into  town.  4.  The  inhabitants  of  the  town 
see  Galba  and  the  horses.  5.  Marcus,  where  is  your 
slave  to-day?  6.  He  is  in  the  garden.  7.  And  is  telling^ 
the  little  girl'*  a  story.  8.  The  pleasing  tale^  delights  the 
girl.  9.  Where  is  the  garden,  Marcus,  my^  dear  friend? 
10.  It  is  in  Britain,  the  land  of  skilful  sailors.  11.  Are 
the  inhabitants  of  Britain  sailors  ? 

^  Occasionally  words  occur  in  will  generally  understand   what 

the  English  exercises  which  are  Latin  word  is  meant, 
purposely  not  given  as  definitions  ^  Omit.  '^  Tells, 

in  the  vocabularies,  but  the  pupil  *  Not  accusative. 


CARRU8. 


Sing. 

Plu. 

N. 

puer 

pueri 

G. 

pueri 

puerorum 

D. 

puero 

pueris 

Ac. 

.  pueram 

pueros 

Ab. 

,  puero 

pueris 

SECOND  DECLENSION.  21 

LESSON    VII. 
Second  Declension.  —  Continued. 

57.  Paradigms. 

Puer.  boy;   Ager,  Jieldj   Vir,  man. 

Sing.  Plu.  Sing.       Plu. 

ager  agri  vir        viri 

agri  agrormn  viri       virorum 

agro  agris  vir5      viris 

agrum  agros  virum  viros 

agro  agris  viro      viris 

a.  Observe  that  the  endings  of  puer  and  ager  are  everywhere 
the  same.  But  puer  keeps  the  e  of  the  nominative  ;  ager  drops 
it,  except  in  the  nominative. 

58.  Most  nouns  and  adjectives  in  -er  of  the  second 
declension  are  declined  like  ager;  that  is,  they  drop 
the  e  of  the  nominative. 

59.  Nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium  contract  the  genitive 
ending  ii  to  i  :  consilium,  gen.  consi'li,  advice^  plan. 
Filius,  son,  and  proper  names  in  -ius  contract  -ie  in 
the  vocative  to  i :  f ili,  {my)  son  ;  Mercu'ri,  Mercury. 
But  the  place  of  the  accent  is  not  changed.     See  495. 

60.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Puer  fflius  est  viri,  the  boy  is  the  fnan's  son. 

2.  Vir  fiUo  dat  consilium,  the  man  gives  his  son  advice. 

3.  Galbae,  agricolae,  sunt  agri  multi,  Galba,  the  farmer, 
has  many  fields. 

4.  Fili,  estne  poeta  Musae  cams?  my  son,  is  the  poet 
dear  to  the  Muse? 


22  SECOND  DECLENSION. 

a.  The  first  sentence  illustrates  the  genitive  and  the  predi- 
cate no?ninative.  What  does  each  of  the  other  sentences 
illustrate  ? 

61.  Vocabulary. 

ager,  agri,  va.  field.  vir,  viri,  m.  man. 

consilium,  -i,  n.  advice^  plan.  

Cornelia,  -ae,  f.  Cor  tie  Ha.  aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick. 

filius,  -i,  m.  son.  niger,  nigra,  nignun,  black. 

liber,  -bri,  m.  book.  pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchnim, 
liberi,!  -onim  (pi.),  m.  children.  beautiful,  pretty. 

magister,  -tri,  m.  master.  liber,  -era,  -Qr^xca.,  free. 

puer,  -eri,  m.  boy.  miser,  -era,  -enmi,  wretched. 

Sextus,  -i,  m.  Sextus.  nam,  conj.  for. 

dominus,  master  of  a  household  or  slaves. 

magister,  a  superior,  director;  hence,  master  of  a 
school. 

pueri,  general  word  for  children. 
liberi,  children  of  free  parents. 


62.  I.  Libri  pueri  sunt  in  mensa.  2.  Consilium 
virorum  clarorum  erat  bonum.  3.  Sexti  liberi  sunt  aegri. 
4.  Cornelia,  poetae  filia,  libros  habet  pulchros.  5.  Servus 
miser  non  multum  cibum  habet.  1 6.  Incolae  liberi  oppi- 
dum  liberum  habent.  7.  Nigri  equi  agricolarum  in  agris 
sunt.  8.  Quis  habet  carros  validos  et  equos  nigros  ? 
9.  Nonne  est  aegro  nautae  cara  pecunia .?  10.  Estne 
Corneliae  vinum  parvo^  in  poculo  ?  ^ 

^  The  plural  of  the  adjective  is  often  the  order,  where,  as 
used  as  a  noun.  here,    the    three    are   combined. 

*  Adjective,  preposition,  noun,       What  is  the  English  order  ? 


THE    VERB    SUM.  23 

63.  I.  The  book  is  pleasing  to  the  master.  2.  The 
poet's  books  are  pleasing  to  the  master's  son.  3.  The 
poor  slave  has  a  long  spear.  4.  Sextus  gives  the  sick 
boy  a  beautiful  book.  5.  The  oar  and  the  javelin  please 
the  skilful  man.^  6.  The  son  of  Sextus  is  dear  to  Galba, 
the  farmer.  7.  The  black  boy  is  a  servant  of  the  free 
man.  8.  They  praise  the  farmer's  black  horse.  9.  For 
it  carries  the  sick  girl  into  the  town.  10.  And  many 
inhabitants  of  the  town  tell  their  children  ^  the  story. 


LESSON   VIII. 
The  Verb  sum. 

Agreement  of  Verbs. 

64.   Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative,  and 
the  present  imperative  and  infinitive  of  sum  (516). 


65.  I.  Est,  erat,  erit.  2.  Sunt,  erant,  erunt.  3.  Sumus, 
eramus,  erimus.  4.  Sum,  eram,  ero.  5.  Es,  eras,  eris. 
6.  Estis,  eratis,  eritis.     7.  Es,  este,  esse. 

a.  In  the  preceding  lessons  verb  forms  have  been  used  only 
in  the  third  person  :  est,  erat  for  the  singular  ;  sunt,  erant  for 
the  plural.  The  forms  in  the  exercise  above  show  that  the  end- 
ing changes  to  denote  person  as  well  as  number.  The  first  and 
second  persons  as  subjects  are  not  commonly  expressed. 

Rule.  —  A  finite  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in 
number  and  person. 

1  See  33.  2  See  56,  note  4. 


24  THE    VERB   SUM. 

66.  I.  I  am,  we  are.  2.  I  was,  we  were.  3.  I  shall 
be,  we  shall  be.  4.  He  b,  they  are.  5.  He  was,  they 
were.  6.  He  will  be,  they  will  be.  7.  You  are,  you 
were.     8.  You  will  be.     9.  Be  thou,  be  you,     10.  To  be. 

67.  Vocabulary. 

aqua,  -ae,  f.  water.  statua,  -ae,  f.  statue, 

aunim,  -i,  vs..  gold.  

deus,  -i,  m.  god  (499).  aureus,  -a,  -um,  goldefi. 

Mercurius,  -i,  m.  Mercury  (59).  defessus,  -a,  -um,  tired^  very 

nuntius,  -i,  m.  messenger  (59).  tired. 

scutum,  -i,  n.  shield.,  p.  76.  vocat,  calls,  sumfnons. 

somnus,  -i,  m.  sleep.  vocant,  call.,  summon. 

68.  I.  Amicus  Mercu'ri  ero.  2.  Nam  Mercurius 
nuntius  erat  deorum.  3.  Servus  est  inimicus  pulchri 
Mercuri.  4.  Tu  (thou),  O  miser  serve,  es  Minervae 
inimicus.  5.  Amici  Mercuri  nunti  erimus.  6.  Tu  (thou), 
O  puer,  agricolae  validi  es  filius.  7.  Pueri  boni,  este 
hodie  amici  miseri  equi.  8.  Somnus  puero  erit  gratus. 
9.  Liberi  magistri  defessi  erunt.  10.  Minervae  in  oppido 
erat  ara.  11.  Defesso  equo  grata  est  aqua.  12.  Nuntius 
incolas  vocat  oppidi. 

69.  I.  Minerva  had^  a  golden  statue.  2.  There  was 
gold  on  the  statue  of  Minerva.  3.  Who  has  a  golden 
shield.^     4.  Was  not**  Mercury  messenger  of  the  gods? 

5.  A   girl   gives  a  sick  sailor  some^  wine  and  water. 

6.  The  wine  she  carries  in  a  pretty  cup.  7.  He  praises 
the  pretty  cup  and  the  wine.  8.  The  water  he  does  not 
care  for.     9.  The  maiden  and  the  sailor  were  inhabitants 

^  Use  a  form  of  sum.  ^  N5mie.  ^  Omit. 


COLLOQUIUM.  25 

of  Britain.     lo.  Britain  is  a  large  island  and  has  many 
towns  and  fields. 

70.  Colloquium. 

Duo    PUERl. 
two 

Ubi  est  Carolus  hodie  1     Nonne  est  in  schola } 

Charles  school 

Minime.     Est  in  fluvio  ;  nam  habet  cymbam  parvam, 

By  no  means  river  boat 

et  libenter  navigat. 

gladly  sails  =  likes  sailing 

Unde  Carolo  est  cymba  t      (Where  did  Charles  get  a  boat  ?) 
whence 

Ab  avunculo,  nam  avunculus  Carolum  amat. 

from        uncle 

Quid  in  cymba  portat  Carolus  ? 

Nescio  ;    sine    dubio    cibum    et    poculum  ;     nam    in 

I  don't  know       without      doubt 

animd  habet  .  .  . 

mind 

Quid  in  animo  habet  ? 

Vale,  bone  amice,  eras         patebit. 

good-by  to-morrow      it  will  be  open  =  the  secret  will  be  out 


Cymba. 


26 


FIRST  CONJUGATION. 


LESSON   IX. 

First  Conjugation.  — A-Verbs. 

Amo  (stem  ama),  love. 

Principal  Parts  r^  amo,  Hove  ;'^  amare,  to  love;  ^xoik^x^  I  loved  ;^ 
amatus,  loved. 

71.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative, 
and  the  present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive, 
of  am5  (511). 

72.  I.  Amat,  amabat,  amabit.  2.  Amatur,  amabatur, 
amabitur.  3.  Amant,  amabant,  amabunt.  4.  Amantur, 
amabantur,  amabuntur.  5.  Amo,  amabam,  amabo. 
6.  Amor,  amabar,  amabor.  7.  Amamus,  amamur. 
8.  Amabamus,  amabamur.  9.  Amabimus,  amabimur. 
10.  Ama,  amare.  11.  Amate,  amamini.  12.  Amare, 
amari. 

a.  Notice  how  frequently  r  and  ur  mark  forms  as  passive. 

73.  Like  amo,  inflect  in  the  same  moods  and  tenses  the 
following  : 

delecto  delectare  delectavi  delectatus,  delight. 

laudo  laudare  laudavi  laudatus, /r«/j^. 

narro  narrare  narravi  narratus,  tell. 

porto  portare  portavi  portatus,  carry. 

a.  The  stem  is  found  by  dropping  re  of  the  infinitive. 

1  The  present  indicative,  the  conjugations  are  distinguished  by 

present  infinitive,  the  perfect  in-  the  vowel  before -re  in  the  present 

dicative,  and  the perfeclpaf ticiple  infinitive  active.     See  337. 

'are    called,    from    their    impor-  '^KX^.o  do  love,  am  loving. 

tance,  the  principal  parts.     The  *  Also  have  loved. 


FIRST  CONJUGATION.  27 

74.  I.  He  praises,  he  is  praised.  2.  He  was  praising, 
he  was  praised.  3.  He  will  praise,  he  will  be  praised. 
4.  They  are  praising,  they  are  praised.  5.  They  were 
praising,  they  were  praised.  6.  They  will  be  praising, 
they  will  be  praised.  7.  To  praise,  to  be  praised. 
8.  Praise  (sing.),  praise  (pi).  9.  They  do  praise,  they 
will  praise. 


LESSON   X. 

Ablative  of  Agent. 

75.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Regina  agricolam  laudat,  the  queen  praises  the  farjner. 

2.  Agricola  a  (or  ab)  regina  laudatur,  the  farmer  is  praised 
by  the  queen. 

a.  Observe  the  changes  in  turning  the  active  into  the  passive. 
The  object  of  the  active  becomes  the  subject  of  the  passive  ; 
the  subject  (that  is,  the  doer  or  agent)  of  the  active  is  expressed 
with  the  passive  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab. 

76.  Rule.  —  TJie  agent  with  a  passive  verb  is 
expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab. 

a.  Ab  is  used  before  vowels  or  h,  a  or  ab  before  consonants. 


77.  I.  Vir  peritum  puerum  laudat.  2.  Puer  peritus 
a  viro  laudatur.  3.  Galba  Marcum  amicum  amabat. 
4.  Marcus  a  Galba  amabatur.  5.  M  agister  fabulam 
claram  liberis  narrabit.  6.  Fabula  clara  liberis  a  magistro 
narrabitur.  7.  Miseri  servi  dominum  amabunt.  8.  A 
servis  miseris  amabitur  dominus.     9.  Equus  niger  mul- 


28  FIRST  conjugation: 

turn  frumentum  et  aquam  in  oppidum  portat.  lo.  Fru- 
mentum  in  oppidum  ab  servo  nigro  portatur.  ii.  Nunti 
consilium  narrabatur  a  Galba.  12.  Narratne  Galba  nunti 
consilia  ? 

78.  I.  Sextus  loves  the  boy,  his  son.  2.  The  boy 
is  called  by  Sextus.  3.  The  statues  of  the  gods  were 
praised  by  the  free  man.  4.  The  free  man  was  praising 
the  statues  of  the  gods.  5.  The  tired  messenger  was 
carrying  a  golden  shield.  6.  A  golden  shield  was 
carried  by  the  messenger.  7.  We  shall  tell  a  story  to 
the  inhabitants  of  the  island.  8.  Shall  you  carry  javelins 
into  the  forest  ? 

79.  Colloquium. 
Pater  et  FTliolus. 

Father  and  Little  Son. 

P.  Quae,  filiole,  hodie  in  schola  tractabantur  ? 

what  little  son  were  discussed 

I^.  Tractabantur  casus  ablatlvus  et  verbum  amo. 

case  word. 

P.  Quid  significat  Anglice  verbum  amo? 

means         in  English 

F.  Verbum  amo  significat  love. 

P.  De  ablativo  quoque  mihi  narra. 

about  also  me 

F.  Regulam  de  ablativo  tibi  narrabo. 

rule  you    I  will  tell 

P.  Regulamne  tibi  dedit  magister  ? 

did  give 

F.  Certe,    regulam   de    ablativo   agentis.      Ante   abla- 

certamly  of  the  agent        before 

tivum  agentis  semper  praepositio  a  vel  ab  ponitur. 

preposition  or  is  placed 

P.  Optime,  mi  puer  ;  tibi  erit  rubrum  malum. 

well  dooe     my  red  apple 


THE    VERB   SUM.  29 

LESSON   XI. 

The    Verb    sum, —  Continued. 

The  Instrumental  Ablative. 

80.    Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  the  perfect  infinitive  of  sum  (516). 


81.  I.  Fuit,  fuerat,  fuerit.  2.  Fuerunt,  fuerant,  fuerint. 
3.  Fuimus,  fueramus,  fuerimus.  4.  Fuero,  fueram,  fui. 
5.  Fueras,  fueris,  fuisti.  6.  Fuistis,  fueritis,  fueratis. 
7.  Esse,  fuisse. 

82.  I.  He  has  been,  they  have  been.  2.  He  had  been, 
they  had  been.  3.  He  will  have  been,  they  will  have 
been.     4.  To  have  been,  to  be. 

83.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Nauta  vento  et  remis  portatur,  the  sailor  is  borne  by 
wind  and  oars. 

2.  Viri  tuba  vocabantur  aurea,  the  men  were  summoned 
by  a  golden  trumpet. 

3.  Agri  ab  agricola  aratro  novo  arantur,  the  fields  are 
ploughed  by  a  farmer  with  his  new  plough. 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  vento,  remis,  tuba,  and  aratro 
answer  the  questions  by  what?  with  what?  by  means  of 
what?  The  ablative  thus  used  is  called  the  ablative  of 
instrument  or  means. 

84.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  the 
means  or  instrument  of  an  action. 


30  THE    VERB    SUM. 

b.  The  third  sentence  illustrates  the  difference  between  the 
ablative  of  the  agent  and  the  ablative  of  means.  How  are 
they  differently  expressed  in  Latin  ?     (See  76.) 

85.  Vocabulary. 

aratxum,  -i,  n.  plough,  p.  34.         Graecus,  -i,  m.  a  Greek. 
arma,  -onim,  n.  (pi.)  arms.  Romanus,  -i,  m.  a  Rotnan. 

bellvun,  -i,  n.  war.  sagitta,  -ae,  f.  arrow,  p.  155. 

gladius,  -i,  m.  sword,  p.  d^j.  templum,  -i,  n.  temple,  p.  93. 

appello,  appellare,  appellavi,  appellatua,  name,  call. 

aro,  arare,  aravi,  aratus,  plough. 

fugo,  fugare,  fugavi,  fugatus,  ^«/  to  flight,  rout. 

omo,  ornare,  ornavi,  omatus,  adorn,  deck. 

supero,  superare,  superavi,  superatus,  overcome,  outdo. 

vulnero,  vulnerare,  vulneravi,  vulneratus,  wound. 


86.  I.  Servus  fuerat  vir  liber.  2.  Galbae  {dative) 
fuerant  equi  et  carri.  3.  Nova  liina  fuit  pulchra.  4.  In 
insula  fuerant  multae  silvae.  5.  Nonne  ager  aratro  a 
viro  arabitur?     6.   Inimicus  gladio  et  sagittis  vulneratur. 

7.  Viri    equos    hastis    et    sagittis    in   bello   vulnerabant.  P' 

8.  Minervae  statua  auro  ornabatur.  9.  Poetae  aegro 
somnus  erit  gratus  in  horto.  10.  Romani  oppidum 
appellabant  Romam.^  11.  A  Romanis  oppidum  ap- 
pellabatur  Roma.'^  12.  Graeci  non  amabant  Romanos. 
13.  Romani  a  Graecis  non  amabantur.  14.  Romani  Grae- 
cos  in  bello  armis  fugabant  et  superabant.  15.  Graeci 
Romanorum  armis  fugabantur. 

87.  I.  Where  have  we  been?  2.  Marcus,  the  friend 
of  Galba,  had  been  a  sailor.      3.   Fields  are   ploughed 

1  Predicate  accusative.  *  Predicate  nominative. 


FIRST  CONJUGATION.  31 

by  farmers  with  ploughs  and  horses.  4.  The  pretty  girl 
decked  the  cup  with  roses.  5.  Was  not  the  cup  decked 
with  roses  by  the  pretty  girl  t  6.  Arrows  and  spears 
are  the  arms  of  the  slaves.  7.  With  swords  and  arrows 
we  shall  overcome  the  men. 


LESSON    XII. 

First    Conjugation.  —  Continued. 
Ablative  of  Manner. 

88.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  the  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  amo  (511). 

89.  The  compound  forms  of  the  passive  are  made 
by  combining  forms  of  sum  with  the  perfect  passive 
participle.  The  participle  (declined  like  bonus), 
agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  subject  : 
amata  est,  she  was  loved;  amatum  est,  it  was  loved; 
amati  sunt,  they  (masc.)  were  loved. 


90.  I.  Amavit,  amaverat,  amaverit.  2.  Amatus  est, 
amatus  erat,  amatus  erit.  3.  Amaverunt,  amaverant, 
amaverint.  4.  Amavi,  amatus  sum.  5.  Amaveramus, 
amati  eramus.  6.  Amave'rimus,  amati  erimus.  7.  Ama- 
visse,  amatus  esse. 

91..  I.  He  has  been  praised,  had  been  praised,  will 
have  been  praised.     2.   They  have   been  praised,   had 


32  FIRST  CONJUGATION. 

been  praised,  will  have  been  praised.  3.  We  (masc.) 
have  been  praised,  had  been  praised,  shall  have  been 
praised.  4.  We  (fern.)  have  been  praised,  had  been 
jiraised,  shall  have  been  praised. 

92.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Agricola  agmm  cum  cura  arat,  the  farmer  ploughs  his 
field  with  care  {carefully'). 

2.  Agricola  agmm  magna  cmn  cura  arat,  the  farmer 
ploughs  his  field  with  great  care. 

3.  Agricola  agnmi  magna  cura  arat,  the  farmer  ploughs 
his  field  with  great  care. 

a.  Observe  how  manner  is  expressed  in  the  above  Latin 
sentences:  (i)  cum  cura;  (2)  magna  cum  cura;  (3)  magna 
Clira.  In  Latin  as  in  English  the  manner  of  an  action  may  be 
expressed  by  an  adverb  :  fideliter,  faithfully. 

93.  Rule.  —  The  manner  of  an  action  is  denoted 
by  the  ablative,  usually  with  cum;  but  cum  jnay 
be  omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used  with  the 
ablative. 

94.  Vocabulary. 

audacia,  -ae,  f.  darings  bold-         studium,    -i,    n.  zeal^  eager- 
ness, ness  (59). 
cura,  -ae,  f.  care.                             vicinus,  -i,  m,  neighbor. 
diligentia,  -ae,  f.  industry.             piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  lazy. 
Z2Mdl\xm,-\rv.  joy,  gladness  {^^).  cum,  prep,  with  abl.,  with. 
patientia,  -ae,  f.  patience.               sed,  conj.,  but. 

aediiico,  aedificare,  aedificavi,  aediiicatus,  build 

agito,  agitare,  agitavi,  agitatus,  chase,  drive. 

laboro,  laborare,  laboravi,  laboratus,  toil,  suffer. 

pugno,  pugnare,  pugnavi,  pugnatu8,yf^^/.  w^v/^^*- 


READING  LESSON.  33 

95.  I.  Romani  magna  cum  audacia  in  bello  pugnSv^- 
runt.  2.  Oppida  multa  in  Italia  aedificaverunt.  3.  Cum 
cura  a  Romanis  aedificata  sunt  oppida.  4.  Curae  somnum 
fugaverant.  5.  Puer  piger  equumpigrum  agitavit,  6.  Servi 
miseri  magna  patientia  laboraverant.  7.  Multo  cum  stu- 
dio a  viris  agitatae  erant  ferae.  8.  Vir  bonus  laborat 
cum  diligentia  et  cura.  9.  Magno  gaudio  novos  libros 
hodie  vident  pueri.     10.  Rosis  ornata  erat  puella. 

96.  I.  The  inhabitants  were  eagerly^  building  a  temple. 

2.  A  temple  had  been  built  zealously  by  the  inhabitants. 

3.  The  boys  toiled  industriously  and  patiently.  4.  The 
Greeks  had  fought  daringly,  but  were  overwhelmed  by 
their  neighbors.  5.  The  sick  children  were  borne  care- 
fully into  the  temple.  6.  Joyfully  they  see  the  altar  of 
the  goddess.  7.  The  altar  had  been  adorned  with  roses. 
8.  On  the  altar  there  was  a  golden  cup,  the  gift  of  a  sick 
man. 


LESSON  XIII. 
97.  Reading  Lesson. 

The  Romans  and  the  Sabines. 

Roma,  pulchrum  Italiae  oppidum,  a  Romulo  aedi- 
ficata est.  Incolae  Romae  igitur  ^  appellati  sunt  Romani. 
Valid!  viri  erant  Romani  et  patriam  maxime  amabant. 
Saepe  cum  Sabinis,  vicinis,  pugnabant  pro  patria  et 
saepe  armis  in  bello  superabant.  Olim  victoria  diu  erat 
dubia.     Nam  Sabini  arma  bona  habebant,'  et  pilis  longis 

1  With  eagerness.  placed  after  one  or  more  words 

^  Igitur  is  postpositivey  that  is,  is     in  a  sentence.  *  Had. 


34  READING   LESSON. 

magna  cum  audacia  pugnaverunt.  Sed  fugati  sunt  S 
Romanis  et  multi  sagittis  sunt  vulnerati.  Cara  Romanis 
erat  victoria. 

98.  I.  Tell  the  story,  boys,  to  the  master.  2.  The 
boys  told  the  story  to  the  master.  3.  Romulus  built  a 
fine  town  in  Italy.  4.  He  called  the  inhabitants  Ro- 
mans.    5.  The  Sabines  were  neighbors  of  the  Romans. 

6.  And  they  often  fought  with  Romulus  and  the  Romans. 

7.  Once  they  fought  a  long  time  with  swords  and  spears. 

8.  The  victory  was  doubtful,  but  the  Romans  wounded 
and  put  many  to  flight. 

* 

99.  Vocabulary. 

diu,   adv.  for  a  long  time,  patria,  -ae,  f.  country. 

long.  pro,  prep,  with  abl.,  in  behalf 
dubius,  -a,  -um,  doubtful.  of  for. 

Igitur,  coni,  therefore.  Romulus,  -i,  m.  Romulus. 

mazime,  adv.  especially.  Sabini,  -orum,  m.  the  Sabines, 

olim,  adv.  once  upon  a  time,  saepe,  adv.  often. 

once,forfnerly.  victoria,  -ae,  f.  victory. 


Aratrum  Antiquum. 
Nudus  ara,  sere  nudus. —  Vergil. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVES   HIC  AND  ILLE.  35 

LESSON  XIV. 
The  Demonstratives  hie  and  ille. 


100. 

Paradigms. 

hie,  this. 

me,  thai. 

SINGULAR. 

N.     hie 

haee 

hoe 

N.     ille 

ilia 

illud 

G.     huius 

hiiiuB 

huius 

G.     iUius 

illiuB 

illiuB 

D.     huic 

huie 

huie 

D.     illi 

illi 

illi 

Ac.  hunc 

hane 

hoe 

Ac.  ilium 

illam 

illud 

Ab.  hoc 

hae 

hpe 

Ab.  illo 

ilia 

illo 

PLURAL. 

N.  hi  hae  haee  N.     illi  illae  ilia 

G.  horum  hanim  horum  G.     illonim  illarum  illorum 

D.  his  his  his  D.     illis  illis  illis 

Ac.  hos  has  haee  Ac.  illos  illas  ilia 

Ab.  his  his  his  Ab.  illis  illis  illis 

a.  See  how  closely  the  plural  forms  correspond  to  those  of 
nouns  of  the  first  and  second  declensions.  What  resemblances 
do  you  discover  in  the  singular? 

b.  Hie  is  appHed  to  what  is  near  the  speaker  in  place,  timg, 
or  thought,  and  hence  may  be  called  the  demonstrative  of 
the  first  person  :  hie  equus,  this  horse  {near  me  or  belonging 
to  7ne^. 

c.  Ille  is  applied  to  what  is  relatively  remote  from  the  speaker 
in  place,  time,  or  thought,  and  hence  may  be  called  the 
demonstrative  of  the  third  person :  ille  equus,  that  horse 
{yonder). 

d.  Ille,  agreeing  with  a  noun  and  commonly  placed  after  it, 
sometimes  means  that  well-known,  that  famous. 


36  THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  HIC   AND   ILLE. 

e.   Hie  and  ille  are  sometimes  used  without  a  noun,  in  con- 
trast :  hie,  the  latter;  ille,  the  foriner. 
f.    The  forms  of  hie  and  ille  sometimes  mean  he^  she,  it. 

101.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Hie  puer  est  laetus,  ilia  puella  est  maesta,  this  boy 
is  merry,  that  girl  is  sad. 

2.  Dominus'  et  servus  sunt  amici;  ille  est  albus,  hie 
niger,  the  master  and  the  servant  are  friends;  the  former  is 
white,  the  latter  black. 

3.  Hoe  doniim  deae  est  gratum,  illud  deo,  this  gift  is 
pleasing  to  the  goddess,  that  one  to  the  god. 

a.  From  the  above  remarks  and  model  sentences  it  is  plain 
that  hie  and  ille  have  two  distinct  uses:  (i)  as  adjectives 
in  agreement  with  nouns  ;  (2)  alone,  as  pronouns.  They 
are,  therefore,  sometimes  demonstrative  adjectives,  sometimes 
demonstrative  pronouns. 

102.  Vocabulary. 

Aedui,  -onim,  m.  the  Aeduans.  laetus,  -a,  -um,  glad. 

femina,  -ae,  f.  woman.  maestus,  -a,  -um,  sad. 

habits,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,    in-  nune,  adv.  now. 

habit,  live.  pugna,  -ae,  f.  battle. 

Helvetii,   -orum,    m.   (pi.)   the  -que,  conj.  and  (9,  3). 

Helvetians.  turn,  adv.  then. 


103.  I.  Aedui  et  Helvetii  in  terra  Gallia^  olim  habi- 
tabant.  2.  Illi  fuerunt  Romanorum  amici,  hi  inimici. 
3.  Ubi  sunt  nunc  illi  amici  inimicique  t  4.  Olim  magi- 
ster  studium  diligentiamque  illius  pueri  et  huius  puellae 
laudavit.      5.  Illi  igitur  hunc  gladium,  huic  illud  pocu- 

1  An  appositive. 


THE  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN. 


37 


lum  dat.  6.  Nonne  dominus  huic  servo  defesso  parvum 
donum  dat?  nam  cum  patientia  laboravit.  7.  Fuitne 
maesta  ilia  femina  ?  8.  Haec  femina  laeta,  ilia  maesta 
fuit.  9.  Nautae  illam  lunam  novam  magno  cum  gaudio 
vident.  10.  Agricola  illos  agros  hoc  novo  aratro  arabit. 
II.  Et  f ilius  illius  agricolae  equos  pigros  agitabit. 

104.    I.    The    Helvetians   fought    with   the    Romans. 

2.  The  former  fought  for  their  ^  women   and  children. 

3.  The  latter  fought  often  for  victory.^  4.  But  victory 
was  not  long  doubtful  in  those  battles.  5.  For  the 
Romans  overcame  the  Helvetians.  6.  Then  were  those 
poor  women  in  Helvetia  sad.  7.  For  the  men  of  that 
land  had  been  wounded.  8.  The  children  of  those  men 
had*  no*  food. 


LESSON  XV. 

The  Interrogative  Pronoun. 

105.  Paradigm. 

quia?  who?  which?  what? 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL 

■• 

N.      quia 

quae 

quid 

qui 

quae 

quae 

G.      cuiua 

cuiua 

cuiua 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

D.      cui 

cui 

cui 

quibua 

quibua 

quibua 

Ac.    quern 

quam 

quid 

quoa 

quia 

quae 

Ab.    quo 

qua 

quo 

quibua 

quibua 

quibua 

1  Omit. 

8  A  form  of  sum. 

2  For  victory  =  victoriae 

*  Say  not. 

38  THE   INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN. 


106.  Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference. 


MASCULINE    AND    FEMININE. 


N.     who  ?  which  ?  what  ? 

G.     of  whom  ?  of  which  ?  of  what  ?  whose  ? 

D.     to  ^r  for  whom  ?  to  or  for  which  ?  to  or  for  what  ? 

Ac.  whom  ?  which  ?  what  ? 

Ab.  by,  /f/r.,  whom  ?  by,  ^/^.,  which  ?  by,  ^/<;.,  what  ? 

a.  The  meanings  are  not  tabulated  with  reference  to  gender. 
They  should  be  referred  to  only  when  the  meaning  of  a  sen- 
tence is  not  clear  after  faithful  effort.  The  learner  should  accus- 
tom himself,  in  making  out  the  meaning  of  the  Latin,  to 
pronounce  any  Latin  word,  the  sense  of  which  is  not  evident, 
as  a  part  of  his  English  sentence.  For  example,  taking  sen- 
tence 14  under  108,  if  the  meaning  of  cuius  is  not  clear,  say, 
"cuius  arms  has  that  boy?"  Probably  this  would  suggest, 
"  whose  arms  has  that  boy  ?  " 

107.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Quis  amat  patriam  ?      Who  loves  his  country  f 

2.  Quia  vir  amat  patriam?  What  ?nan  loves  his 
country  ? 

3.  Quid  amat  vir?      What  does  the  man  love? 

4.  Quae  dona  puellae  sunt  grata  ?  What  gifts  are 
pleasing  to  the  girl? 

a.  Observe  that  quis  in  the  first  sentence  and  quid  in  the 
third  are  used  as  interrogative  pronouns;  that  quis  in  the 
second  sentence  and  quae  in  the  fourth  are  used  as  inter- 
rogative adjectives. 


THE  INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN. 


39 


b.  But  quod  is  always  used  in  place  of  quid  as  an  inter- 
rogative adjective^  and  often  qui  in  place  of  quis ;  Quod  donum 
puellae  est  gratum  ?     Qui  vir  patriam  amat  ? 

c.  When  forms  of  the  interrogative  pronoun  are  used  as 
adjectives,  they  agree  with  their  nouns  like  other  adjectives. 

108.  I.  Qui  hoc  templum  aedificaverunt ?  2.  Qui 
viri .  hoc  templum  aedificaverunt  ?  3.  Quid  est  in  illo 
templo?  4.  Quae  femina  non  amat  liberos  ?  5.  Cui 
dat  Marcus  hoc  poculum  ?  6.  Quibus  viris  non  est  cara 
patria?  7.  Quos  agros  arat  ille  agricola  ?  8.  Quem 
laudatis?  9.  Quid  in  poculo  habet  servus  ?  10.  Quam 
puellam  magister  laudat?  11.  A  quo  illi  agri  sunt  arati? 
12.  Quo  aratro  illos  agros  agricola  aravit?  13.  A  qui- 
bus superati  sunt  Roman!  ?  1 4.  CCiius  arma  puer  ille 
habet  ? 

109.  I.  Who ^  was  a  messenger  of  the  gods  ?  2.  Whose 
messenger  was  Mercury?  3.  Whose  shield  has  that  boy? 
4.  To  whom  does  he  give  this  shield?  5.  Whom  have 
you  overcome  ?  6.  With  what  arms  have  you  overcome 
that  man?  7.  By  what  men  was  this  temple  built? 
8.  By  whom  was  this  temple  built  ? 


1  Ne  is  not  used  in  a  question 
that  begins  with  an  interrogative 


pronoun   or  other  interrogative 
word. 


Rostra. 


40 


THE  RELATIVE  PRONOUN. 


110. 


LESSON  XVI. 

The  Relative  Pronoun. 

Paradigm. 
qui,  who^  which^  that. 


SINGULAR. 

N.     qui  quae    ^  quod 

G.      cuius  ciiius     ciiius 

D.     cui  cui         cui 

Ac.    quern  quam     quod 

Ab.    quo  qua         quo 


qui  quae  quae 

quorum  quarum  quorum 

quibus  quibus  quibus 

quos  quas  quae 

quibus  quibus  quibus 


111.  Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference. 

a.  The  meanings  are  not  tabulated  with  reference  to  gender. 

N.     who,  which,  that. 
,  G.     of  whom,  of  which,  whose. 

D.     \.o  or  for  whom,  to  or  for  which. 
Ac.  whom,  which,  that. 
Ab.  by,  etc.^  whom,  which. 


112. 


Model  Sentences, 


1.  Puer  qui  laudatur  est  laetus,  the  boy  who  is  praised 
is  glad. 

2.  Puellae  quas  laudamus  sunt  laetae,  the  girls  whom 
we  praise  are  glad. 

3.  Libri    quos   laudamus    sunt   boni,   the  books  that  we 
praise  are  good. 

4.  Consilium   quod  vir  dat  laudamus,  the  advice  which 
the  man  gives  we  praise. 

a.    Observe  that  the  relative  has  the  same  gender  and  num- 
ber as  its  antecedent,   and  that  the  case  of   the  relative   is 


THE   RELATIVE   PRONOUN.  41 

sometimes  the  same  as  that  of  the  antecedent  and  sometimes 
different.  In  i,  qui  is  subject  of  laudatur ;  in  2  and  3,  quas  and 
quos  are  objects  of  laudamus ;  in  4,  quod  is  object  of  dat. 

113.  Rule.  —  A  relative  agrees  with  its  ante- 
cedent  in  gender  and  nurribev-,  ^^t  Us  case 
depends  on  ^fhe^^construction  of---Uxe  clcmse  in 
which  it  stands. 


114.  I.  Servus,  qui  agrum  agricolae  arat,  est  defessus. 

2.  Illi  equi,  quibus  servus  hunc  agrum  arat,  sunt  nigri. 

3.  Dominus,  cuius  servus  in  hoc  agro  laborat,  est  in 
horto.  4.  Pueri,  quorum  libros  magister  habet,  sunt  pigri. 
5.  Laudamus  ilia  dona  quae  puer  puellae  dat.  6.  Puer, 
quern  laudamus,  est  laetus.  7.  Vir,  cui  sunt  multi  remi,  est 
nauta.    8.  Fabulae  quas  narravi  hos  pueros  delectaverunt. 

115.  I.  This  advice  which  the  man  gives  is  not 
pleasing.  2.  Those  men,  whose  town  was  in  Italy, 
were  Romans.  3.  Those  slaves,  to  whom  the  master 
gives  wine,  have  worked  with  diligence.  4.  The  boy 
by  whom  the  horses  were  driven  is  a  farmer's  sop. 
5.  The  girl  who  is  tired  is  often  sad. 

Review  of  Interrogative  and  Relative. 

116.  Vocabulary. 

Duilius,  -i,  m.  Duilius  (59).  reporto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring 
forum,  -i,  n.  forum.  back.,  win.,  gain. 

Poenus,  -i,  m.  a  Carthaginian,  rostrum,  -i,  n.  beak  of  a  ship^ 
praeda,  -ae,  f.  booty,  p.  39. 


42  THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  IS. 

117.  I.  Quis  forum  Romanum  rostris  ornavit  ? 
2.  Forum  ornavit  Duilius  ille,  qui  magnam  victoriam 
reportavit.        3.    Quam    victoriam    reportavit    Duilius  ? 

4.  Poenos    superavit,     quorum    patria    in    Africa    fuit. 

5.  Quibus  armis  pugnavit  Duilius?  6.  Duilius  et  Ro- 
mani  gladiis  pilisque  pugnaverunt.  7.  Quibus^  erat  ilia 
praeda,  quam  victoria  reportavit  Duilius  ?  8.  Praeda 
erat  Romanis  a  quibus  est  laudatus  Duilius. 

118.  I.  Duilius  once  gained  a  great  victory.  2.  He 
brought  back  many  beaks  of  ships,  with  which  he 
adorned  the  forum.  3.  Duilius,  where  did  you  gain 
that  booty  ?  4.  Tell  the  story  to  those  boys  and  these 
girls.     5.   "That  story,"  quoth  ^  Duilius,  "is  a  long  one. 

6.  And  I  am  very  tired  to-day." 


LESSON  XVII. 
The  Demonstrative  is. 
119.  Paradigm. 

is,  that^  this ;  also  he,  she,  it. 


SINSULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

is 

ea 

id 

ei.  ii 

eae 

ea 

G. 

eius 

ews 

eius 

eonim 

eanim 

eonim 

D. 

ei 

el 

ei 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis.  iis 

Ac. 

eum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

Ab. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

eis.  iis 

eis,  iis 

eis,  iis 

a.  Is  as  a  demonstrative  adjective  is  an  unemphatic  that  or 
this.  On  the  one  hand  it  approaches  ille,  on  the  other,  but 
less  nearly,  hie. 

1  Dative.  2  Inquit. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  IS.  43 

b.  The  relations  of  hie,  is,  and  ille  will  be  understood  from 
the  following  illustration  :  — 

pi S'of  J^  —is is is.      jUe 

the  speaker. 

c.  As  a  pronoun  is  means  he,  she,  it.  It  is  frequently  used 
as  the  antecedent  of  qui,  who;  is  qui,  he  who;  ei  qui,  they  who. 

120.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Is  servus  cum  cura  laborat,  that  slave  toils  with 
care. 

2.  Patientiam  eius  servi  laudamus,  the  patience  of  thai 
slave  we  praise. 

3.  Patieiitia  eius  laudatur,  his  (of  him)  patience  is 
praised. 

4..  Is  qui  patientiam  habet  laudatur,  he  who  has  patience 
is  praised. 

a.  Observe  the  translation  of  eius  in  3.  So  eorum,  earum 
must  often  be  translated  their. 

121.  Vocabulary. 

benignus,  -a,  -imi,  kind.  fidus,  -a,  -mn,  faithful. 

contentus,  -a,  -iun,  contented.  fortiter,  adv.  bravely. 

da  (imperative),  give.  malus,  -a,  -um,  bad. 

dedit,  ^^w,  has  given.  teriitus,  -a,  -xxm,  frightened. 


122.  I.  Eos  viros  amamus,  sed  eorum  filii  sunt  mali. 
2.  Eae  feminae  amantur,  sed  non  earum  filiae.  3.  Non 
bonum  fuit  consilium  eorum  virorum.  4.  Is  qui  est  con- 
tentus et  benignus  amicis^  placet.  5.  Eum  amici  amant 
laudantque.  6.  Maxime  gratum  servo  fido  est  aurum 
quod  ei  dedit  dominus.  7.  Grata  equo  est  aqua  quam 
1  Observe  the  dative. 


44 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  /S. 


portat  agricola  benignus.  8.  Ei  periti  nautae  magno 
vento  territi  sunt.  9.  Quibus  est  ilia  praeda  quae  in 
forum  reportatur?  10.  Praeda  est  eis  qui  in  pugnis 
fortiter  pugnabant. 


123.  I .  Where  do  the  sons  of  that  man  live  ? 
2.  "They  live  in  a  large  town,"  said^  Marcus,  "and 
are  lazy  fellows."^  3.  "They  do  not  please  the  mas- 
ter ' ;  for  books  do  not  delight  them."  4.  "  Those  books 
which  a  friend  has  given  them  ^  do  not  afford  ^  them  * 
joy."  5.  But,  good  friend,  give  them  good  advice. 
6.  Then  they  will  toil  industriously,  and  will  not  be 
sad.  7.  Those  who  labor  are  often  merry.  8.  Those 
boys  are  not  lazy  fellows  ^ ;    they  are  tired. 


1  Inquit. 

2  Omit.  Adjectives  are  often 
used  in  the  plural  in  Latin,  as  in 
English,  without  a  noun:  boni, 
M<f  ^ood,  multa,  many  things. 


8  Use  magister. 

*  See  sixth  sentence  above. 

^  do  .  .  .  afford  =  give. 


Eques. 


THIRD  DECLENSION, 


45 


LESSON  XVIII. 


Third  Declension. 


124.  The  stem  ends  in  a  consonant  or  in  i. v*^ 

N 

125.  Consonant    stems   are   named,  according   to 
their  final  letter,  mute  stems  and  liquid  stems. 


Mute  Stems. 

126. 

Paradigms. 

princeps,  m. 

rex,  m. 

miles,  m. 

caput,  n. 

chief. 

king. 

soldier. 

head. 

Stem,  princip- 

reg- 

SINGULAI 

milit- 

capit- 

N.    princeps 

rex 

miles 

caput 

G.    principis 

regis 

militis 

capitis 

D.    principi 

regi 

militi 

capiti 

Ac.  principem 

regem 

mil  item 

caput 

Ab.  principe 

rege 

PLURAL. 

milite 

capite 

N.    prmcipes 

reges 

milites 

capita 

G.    principum 

regum 

mllitimi 

capitum 

D.    princi'pibus 

regibus 

mili'tibus 

capi'tibus 

Ac.  principis 

regea. 

milites 

capita 

Ab.  princi'pibus 

regib»i^ 

mlli'tibus 

capi'tibus 

a.  Notice   that   the  last  vowel  of   the  stem  is  sometimes 
changed  in  forming  the  nominative.     No  rule  can  be  given. 

b.  The  stem  can  generally  be  found  by  dropping  the  ending 
of  the  genitive  singular  which  is  always  given. 


46  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

c.  Notice  that,  except  in  neuters,  the  endings  are  the  same 
in  all  the  paradigms  (rex  =  regs).  Neuters  have  the  accusative 
like  the  nominative. 

d.  To  decline  a  noun  with  a  mute  stem,  add  to  the  stem  the 
endings,  as  in  the  paradigms  given  above. 

e.  Decline  together  is  princeps,  miles  fidus,  id  caput. 

127.  Vocabulary. 

caput,  capitis,  n.  head.  oppidanus,  -i,  m.  townsman. 

dux,  duels,  m.  leader,  general,  oppugno,     -are,     -avi,    -atus, 
eques,  equitis,  m.  horseman.  besiege,  attack. 

expugno,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,  pedes,  peditis,  m.  foot-soldier. 

take    by    storm,    take,    cap-    princeps,  principis,  m.  chief, 

ture.  leader. 

habuit,    had,   has  had,   held,  rex,  regis,  m.  king. 

kept.  tento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  try, 
miles,  militis,  m.  soldier,  p.  1 3  3 .  attempt. 

Titus,  -i,  m.  Titus. 


128.  I.  Olim  Titus,  qui  princeps  erat  peritus,  oppi- 
dum  oppijgnabat.  2.  Fidos  milites,  et^  equites  et 
pedites,  habuit.  3.  In  eo  oppido  fuit  Sextus  rex  cum 
oppidanis,  —  viris,  feminis,  llberisque.  4.  Diu  oppidum, 
in  quo  fuit  Sextus,  expugnare  tentabat  ille  dux  cum 
militibus.  5.  Nam  in  eo  fuit  magna  praeda,  et^ 
arma  et  aurum.  6.  Pro  quibus  pugnabant  oppidani  ? 
7.  Fortiter  pugnabant  illi  oppidani  pro  liberis  femi- 
nisque.  8.  Caput  ducis  mifttum  sagitta  vulneratum  est. 
9.  Tum  territi  erant  pedites  equitesque.  10.  Nunc 
oppidani  eos  fugant  et  cum  studio  agitant.  11.  Este 
content!,  oppidani,  nam  dei  ^  fuerunt  benigni. 

^'Et  .  .  .  Qt  =  both  .  .  .  and.  2  See  499. 


THIRD  DECLENSION.  47 

129.  I.  There  was  once  a  town  that^  had  a  great 
amount*  of  booty.  2.  This  booty*  a  leader  tried  to 
gain  for  his*  soldiers.  3.  With  horsemen  and  foot- 
soldiers  he  attacked  the  town.  4.  But  he  was  wounded 
by  the  king,  Sextus.  5.  His  black  horse,  which  he 
was  especially  fond  ^  of,  was  wounded.  6.  For  a  long 
lime  he  kept  his~sword  and  fought  bravely.  7.  But  his 
frightened  soldiers  were  put  to  flight  by  the  townsmen. 


LESSON  XIX. 
Third   Declension. 

Mute  Stems.  —  Continued. 
Ablative  of  Cause. 


30. 

Paradigms. 

pes,  m. 

lapis,  m. 

virtus,  f. 

foot. 

stone. 

manliness. 

Stem, 

ped- 

lapid- 

SINGULAR. 

virtut- 

N. 

pes 

lapis 

virtus 

G. 

pedis 

lapidis 

virtu  tis 

D. 

pedi 

lapidi 

virtu  ti 

Ac. 

pedem 

lapidem 

virtu  tem 

Ab. 

pede 

lapide 

virtu  te 

•■  Nominative.  *  Omit  here  and  in  the  foUow- 

2  Express  a  great  amount  of  ing  sentences. 
by  one  word.  ^  See  p.  20,  n.  i. 

«  The  object. 


48  THIRD  DECLENSION. 


PLURAL. 

N. 

pedes 

lapides 

virtutea 

G. 

pedum 

lapidum 

virtu  turn 

D. 

pedibuB 

lapi'dibus 

virtutibus 

Ac. 

pedes 

lapides 

virtutes 

Ab. 

pedibus 

lapi'dibus 

virtQtibuB 

a.  Notice  that  the  final  letter  of  the  stem  is  dropped  in 
forming  the  nominative. 

b.  Notice  that  the  endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  the 
last  preceding  paradigms. 

c.  Decline  together  pes  malus,  ille  lapis,  haec  virtus. 

131.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Puer  patientia  laudatur,  the  boy  is  praised  on  account 
of  {because  of)  his  patience. 

2.  Miles  a  duce  audaoia  laudabitur,  the  soldier  will  be 
praised  by  the  leader  for  his  daring. 

3.  Equi  friimenti  inopia  laborant,  the  horses  suffer  from 
want  of  grain. 

4.  Pedes  longa  via  est  defessus,  the  foot-soldier  is  tired 
with  the  long  march. 

a.  Observe  that  patientia,  audacia,  inopia,  and  via  denote 
the  cause.  Notice  the  various  translations  of  these  ablatives  : 
on  account  of  because  of  for,  from,  with. 

132.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  to  express 
cause.  

133.  We  have  now  seen  that,  — 

1 .  The  ablative  of  agent  answers  the  question  by  whom  f 

2.  The  ablative  of  means  or  instrument  answers  the  ques- 
tion  by  what  f 

3.  The  ablative  of  manner  answers  the  question  how  ? 

4.  The  ablative  of  cause  answers  the  question  why  t 


THIRD  DECLENSION.  49 


134.  Vocabulary. 

adulescens,  adulescentis,   m.  lapis,  lapidis,  m.  stone. 

youth  (152,  a).  pes,  pedis,  x^.  foot. 

celeritas,  celeritatis,  f.  swift-  propero,     -are,     -avi,     -atua^ 

ness^  speed.  hasten. 

constantia,  -ae,  i.  firmness.  servo,      -are,      -avi,       -atus, 
cxilpo,      -are,       -avi,       -atus  save. 

blame,  find  fault  with.  viginti  (indecl.)  twenty. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.  for  time,  good  virtus,    virtiitis,    f.    courage^ 
fuga,  -ae,  i.  flight.        \_ fortune.       virtue,  bravery. 

inopia,  -ae,  f.  want,  lack.  vita,  -ae,  f.  life. 


135.  I.  Illi  mllites  ab  hoc  principe  fuga  culpabantur. 
2.  Quis  eos  virtute  culpabit?  3.  Quos  celeritate  dux 
laudabat  ?  4.  Equites  laudabat,  quorum  equi  nunc 
frumenti  inopia  laborant.  5.  Pedes  horum  peditum 
lapidibus  vulnerati  erant.  6.  Magna  celeritate  in  illud 
oppidum  properabant  amici  et  inimici.  7.  Ei  amici 
Marci  bona  fortuna  sunt  content!.  8.  Dux  constantia 
delectabatur  militum  qui  fortiter  pugnaverant.  9.  Oppi- 
dan! lapidibus  vulnerati  sunt.  10.  Viginti  adulescentes 
vitam  principis  servaverunt.  11.  Oppidum  expugnare 
tentabat,  sed  caput  sagitta  vulneratum  est. 

a.  Point  out  four  different  uses  of  the  ablative  above,  and 
tell  how  you  can  distinguish  them. 

136.  I.  The  king  was  delighted  with  the  courage  of 
those  foot-soldiers,  2.  But  they  were  tired  out  with 
the  march,^  which  had  been  a  long  one.^     3.  And  had 

1  See  p.  20,  n.  i.  2  Omit 


50  COLLOQUIUM. 

suffered  from  lack  of  food.  4.  The  feet  of  the  poor 
horses   had  been  wounded  by  the   stones   on   the  road. 

5.  Who  will   bring  for  them  ^  some '^  water  and  grain? 

6.  Bring  food,  boys,  for  the  men,  and  water  for  the 
tired  horses.  7.  The  food  and  the  water  were  speedily^ 
brought  by  the  good  boys. 

137.  Colloquium. 

Frater  et  Sororcula. 

brother  little  sister 

F.   Fabulam  bonam  amicus  mihi  hodie  narravit. 

to  me 

S.    De  quo  tibi  narravit  amicus .'' 

about  to  you 

F.   De  Icaro,  Daedali  filio,  qui  in  Creta  habitabat. 

S.    Mihi  quoque  de  Icaro  Latine  narra.     Fuitne  Icarus 

also  in  Latin 

puer  malus  ? 

F.   Minime    malus    sed    miserrimus.      Habebat      alas 

by  no  means  most  unfortunate  wings 

quas  cera  aptaverat   Daedalus  ;    Icarus  evolavit  sed  cera 

with  wax        had  fitted  flew  away 

sole  liquefacta  est.     Tum  .  .  . 

by  the  sun  was  melted  then 

^S*.    Turn  .  .  .  quid  ? 

F.    Mihi  non  sunt  verba  Latina  ;  itaque  haesito. 

words  and  so      I  hesitate 

S.    Ergo    narra    Anglice.       Nam    linguam    Anglicam 

well,  then  language 

intellego. 

I  understand. 

F.   Minime.     Latine  tibi  narrabo,  non  Anglice. 


1  eis.  2  Omit.  either  of  the   three   ways 

«  This  may  be  expressed  in      trated  in  92. 


ill  us- 


)C  -VVV^  ,  -Y^  •  X 


THIRD  DECLENSION, 


51 


LESSON  XX. 

Third  Declension. 

Liquid  Stems. 
Descriptive  Ablative  and  Genitive. 


138. 

Paradigms. 

consul,  m. 

pater,  m. 

victor,  m. 

homo,  m. 

consul. 

father. 

victor. 

man. 

Stem, 

,  consul- 

patr- 

victor- 

homin- 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

consul 

pater 

victor 

homo 

G. 

c5nsulis 

patris 

victoris 

hominis 

D. 

consul! 

patri 

vict5ri 

homini 

Ac. 

c5nsulem 

patrem 

victorem 

hominem 

.   Ab. 

consule 

patre 

PLURAL. 

VIC tore 

homine 

N. 

consules 

patres 

victores 

homines 

G. 

consulum 

patrum 

vTctorum 

hominum 

D. 

consu'libus 

patribus 

victoribus 

homi'nibus 

Ac. 

consules 

patres 

victores 

homines 

Ab. 

consu'libus 

patribus 

victoribus 

homi'nibus 

vulnus,  n.  \ 

wound. 

corpus,  n. 

body. 

Stem, 

vulner- 

corpor- 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

vulnus 

vulnera 

corpus 

corpora 

G. 

vulneris 

vulnernm 

corporis 

corpormn 

D. 

vulneri 

vulne'ribus 

corpori 

corpo'ribus 

Ac. 

vulnus 

vulnera 

corpus 

corpora 

Ab. 

vulnere 

vulne'ribus 

corpore 

corpo'ribus 

a.    Observe  that  the  endings  in  the  preceding  paradigms  are 
the  same  as  in  the  paradigms  of  mute  stems. 


32 


THIRD  DECLENSION, 


139. 


Model  Sentences. 


1.  Galba  agricola  fuit  magna 
diligentia. 

2.  Galba  agricola  fuit  magnae 
dfligentiae. 

3.  Cornelia   fuit  parvis  pedi- 
bus. 

4.  Cornelia  fuit  parvorum  pe- 
dum. 


Galba  was  a  farmer  of 
great  industry. 


Cornelia  was  (a  woman) 
with  small  feet. 


a.  Observe  that  in  each  sentence  the  ablative  or  genitive  is 
used  with  an  adjective  for  the  purpose  of  description.  These 
sentences,  then,  illustrate  the  descriptive  ablative  and  the 
descriptive  genitive. 

140.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a 
noun  may  he  used  with  an  adjective  to  descrihe 
a  person  or  thing. 

a.  You  cannot  say  in  Latin,  as  we  do  in  English,  a  man  of 
courage^  of  honor ^  of  property.  An  adjective  or  its  equivalent 
must  be  used  :  a  man  of  great  courage^  etc. 


141. 


ad,    prep,    with    ace,     near^ 

towards^  to. 
annus,  -i,  xi\.  year. 
consul,  consulis,  m.  consul. 
flumen,  fluminis,  n.  river. 
Hannibal,  -alis,  m.  Hannibal. 
Hispjania,  -ae,  f.  Spain. 
homo,  hominis,  m.  man. 


Vocabulary. 

tear.,      pater,  patris,  m.  father. 

Scipio,  Scipionis,  m.  Scipio. 
septendecim,  seventeen. 
summus,     -a,    -um,    highest., 
greatest. 


tener,  -era,  -erum,  tender. 
Ticinus,  -i,  m.  the  Ticinus. 
victor,  victoris,  m.  victor,   f 


homo,  man.,  as  distinguished  from  the  lower  animals. 
vlr  (57),  man^  as  distinguished  from  woman  ;  hero. 


READING  LESSON,  S3 

142.  I.  Hannibal  et  Scipio  olim  erant  clari    duces. 

2.  Ille  erat  Poenus,  qui  diu  Romanes  superare  tentabat. 

3.  Hie    erat    Romanus,  cuius    virtus    patriam    servavit. 

4.  Fuerunt  summae  virtutis.  5.  Pueri^  annis  teneris 
fuerunt    in     pugnis,    hie    in    Italia,    ille     in    Hispania. 

6.  Scipio  patrem  in  pugna  ad  Ticinum  flumen  servavit. 

7.  Turn  fuit  adulescens  septendecim  annorum.  8.  Hanni- 
bal, adulescens^  non  viginti  annis,  oppida  in  Hispania 
oppugnavit. 

143.  I.  The  consul's  soldiers  fought  in  Italy  and 
Africa.  2.  The  consul  had  a  son  Scipio  of  tender  years, 
who  fought  in  a  battle  with  the  Carthaginians.  3.  In 
that  battle  the  soldiers  of  the  Romans  were  not  the 
victors.  4.  They  were  put  to  flight  by  Hannibal's  horse- 
men.    5.  But  they  were  men  of  the  greatest  courage. 


LESSON  XXI. 
144.       Reading  Lesson. 

•  Scipio  and  Hannibal. 

In  this  lesson  and  some  of  the  following,  less  important 
words  that  need  not  be  committed  to  memory  are  given  only 
in  the  general  vocabulary. 

Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus  Maior,^  adulescens 
septendecim  annorum,  ad  Ticinum  flumen  vitam  patris 
servavit.  In  piigna  Cannensi  *  fortiter  pugnavit.  Postea 
Carthaginem  Novam,  oppidum  in   Hispania  expilgnavit 

"^Wfunboys.      '^  When  a  youth.       ^  The  Elder.       *>  Of  Cannae. 


54  COLLOQUIUM. 

Obsidibus  Hispanorum  benignus  erat  et  eis  libertatem 
dedit.  Non  minus  feliciter  in  Africa  bellavit  ibique 
Poenos  superavit.  Ad  Zamam  Scipio  et  Hannibal 
castra  habuerunt.^  Clarum  est  illud  colloquium  quod 
ante  pugnam  habuerunt.  Poeni  a  Scipione  superati  et 
fugati  sunt.  Scipio  triumphum  magnificum  ex  Africa 
reportavit  et  a  populo  Africanus  est  appellatus. 

145.  I.  Who  saved  his  father  by  his  bravery  near 
the  river  Ticinus  ?  2.  Scipio,  who  was  then  a  youth  of 
seventeen  years.     3.  Whom   did  he   afterwards   defeat.? 

4.  He    defeated    Hannibal,   that   famous   Carthaginian. 

5.  The  victory  which  Scipio  won  was  famous.  6.  Famous 
was  the  triumph  that  Scipio  had.^  7.  And  the  people 
called  him  Africanus. 

146.  Vocabulary. 

castra,  -onim,  n.  (pi.)  camp.  libertas,  libertatis,  f.  liber- 
colloqiiium,   -i,    n.    conversa-  ty,  freedom. 

Hon,  colloquy.  obses,  obsidis,  m.  hostage. 

feliciter,     adv.    luckily,     sue-  populus,  -i,  m.  people. 

cessfully. 

147.  Colloquium. 

PRAECEPTOR    ET   DiSCIPULUS. 

P.    Quis  fuit  Hannibal  ?     Fuit  Romanus  an  Poenus  ? 

or 

D.  Fuit  Poenus  et  a  Scipione  victus  est. 

P.  Ubi  fuit  Hannibalis  patria  ? 

D.  Carthago,  Hannibalis  patria,  fuit  in  Africa. 

P.  (Zvxfuitl  cur  non  est  in  Africa? 

why 

1  Had.  *  Habuit. 


COLLOQUIUM, 


55 


Z>.    Quia  Carthago  a  Scipione  deleta  est. 

because  was  destroyed. 

F.    Quot  nomina  erant  Scipioni  ? 

how  many    names 

D.    Tria    Scipioni   erant   nomina :     Publius   Cornelius 

three 

Scipio. 

P.    Recte,    mi    puer,    praenomen    Publius;     Cornelius 

correct  first  name 

nomen  gentile  ;    Scipio  cognomen. 

family  cognomen 

Z>.    Nonne  interdum  appellatus  est  Scipio  Africdnus  ? 

sometimes 

P.    Certissime.     Hoc  autem  nomen  dicebant  Romani 
cognomen  secundum.        "^°''^°^"         .  '^""^^ 

second 


Scipio. 


Hannibal. 


56 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


LESSON    XXII. 

Third   Declension.  —  Continued. 
Stems   in   i. 


148. 

Paradigms 

• 

Ignis,  m. 

hostis,  m. 

nubis,  f. 

mare,  n. 

fire. 

enemy. 

cloud. 

sea. 

Stem,  ignl- 

hosti- 

SINGULAR. 

nubi- 

mari- 

N.     Ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

mare 

G.     Ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

maris 

D.     Tgni 

host! 

nubi 

mari 

Ac.  ignem 

hostem 

nubem 

mare 

Ab.  igni,  e 

hoste 

PLURAL. 

nube 

mari 

N.     ignes 

hostis 

nubis 

maria 

G.     Tornium 

h  ostium 

nubium 

D.     Tgnibus 

hostibus 

nubibus 

maribus 

Ac.  Ignis,  -is 

hostis,  -is 

nubis,  -is 

maria 

Ab.  Ignibus 

hostibus 

nubibus 

maribus 

animal, 

n.  animal. 

calcar,  n. 

spur. 

Stem. 

animalr- 

calcari- 

Sing. 

Plu. 

SlNG. 

Plu. 

N.     animal 

animalia 

calcar 

calcaria 

G.     animalis 

animalium 

calcaris 

calcariiun 

D.     animali 

animalibus 

calcari 

calcaribus 

Ac.  animal 

animalia 

calcar 

calcaria 

Ab.  animali 

animalibus 

calcari 

calcaribus 

a.  Compare  the  declension  endings  of  hostis  and  nubes  with 
those  of  mute  stems  (126,  130,  138).  In  the  singular,  except 
in  the  nominative,  which  is  variable,  the  endings  are  the  sam» 
What  are  the  differences  in  the  plural? 


THIRD  DECLENSION.  57 

b.    Nouns  in  -es  (gen.  -is)  are  declined  like  nubes. 

€.  How  does  the  declension  of  ignis  differ  from  that  of 
hostis?  The  most  common  nouns  declined  like  ignis  are 
avis,  bird^  civis,  citizen^  finis,  end, 

d.  A  few  nouns  in  -is  have  both  -im  and  -em  in  the  accusative 
singular.     These  will  be  noted  as  they  occur. 

e.  As  a  guide  to  the  learner,  all  words  having  i-stems  will 
be  followed  by  the  stem  in  the  succeeding  vocabularies. 

149.  Vocabulary. 

animal,    -alls,    n.    (animali-),  finis,  -is,  m.  (fini-),  end^  border^ 

animal.  pi.  territories. 

animus,  -i,  m.  mind,  soul.  hostis,  -is,    m.    (hosti-),  ene- 
calcar,     -aris,     n.     (calcari-),  my. 

spur,  p.  1 86.  ignis,  -is,  m.  (igm-),yfr<?. 

civis,    -is,    m.   and   f.    (civi-),  mare,  -is,  n.  (mari-),  sea. 

citizen,  navis,  -is,  f.  (navi-),  [ace. 
concito,     -are,     -avi,     -atus,  -em  or  -im,  abl.  -i  ir   e], 

rouse  up,  spur.  ship,  pp.  79,  88. 

ex  (e),  prep,  with    abl.,  out  neco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  kill. 

of,  from.  niibes,  -is,  f.  (nubi-),  cloud. 
hostis,  general  word  for  enemy;  a  public  enemy. 
inimicus,  a  private  or  personal  enemy  j  opposed  to  amicus. 


150.  I.  Gives  nubem  equitum  in  fine  terrae  vident. 
2.  Quid  habent  ei  equites  in  animo  ?  3.^  Quid  eis  est 
in  animo?  4.  Equos  calcaribus  concitant  et  oppidum 
expugnabunt.  5.  In  hoc  oppido  multi  erant  homines 
qui  regem  inopia  armorum  culpabant.  6.  Gives  maxime 
territi  sunt  {were  terrified')  et  ad  mare  summa  cele- 
*ita,te  properaverunt.  7.  Multa  animalia  ab  hostibus 
^  What  do  they  intend,  or  mean  ? 


58 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


lapidibus  necata  sunt.  8.  Necati  sunt  in  fuga  viginti 
Gives.  9.  li  quorum  vita  servata  est  nunc  vident  in 
oppido  magnum  ignem. 

151.    I.  A   citizen    sees  a    great    ship    on    the    sea.. 

2.  In  the  ship  that  he    sees   there    are    many  enemies. 

3.  Their  ^  chief  is  a  man  of  great  stature.^  4.*  What  have 
those  soldiers  in  mind  ?  5.  They  are  hastening  from  the 
ship  upon*  the  land.     6.  They  have  horses  and  spurs. 

7.  They  will  try  to  take  this   town  with  fire   and  sword. 

8.  Will  not  the  firmness  of  the  citizens  save  the  town  ? 


LESSON   XXIII. 

Third   Declension. 

Stems  in  i.  —  Continued. 


Ablative  of 

Time. 

152. 

Paradigms. 

cliens,  m. 

urbs,  f. 

arx,  f. 

nox,  f. 

dependent. 

city. 

citadel. 

night. 

Stem. 

cUenti- 

urbi- 

SINGULAR. 

arci- 

nocti- 

N. 

cliens 

urba 

arx 

nox 

G. 

clientis 

urbis 

arcis 

noctis 

D. 

client! 

urbi 

arci 

nocti 

Ac. 

clientem 

urbem 

arcem 

noctem 

Ab. 

cliente 

urbe 

arce 

nocte 

1  Eorum. 

2  Use  corpua. 

8  See  150,  2  and  3. 

*  In  with  ace. 

THIRD  DECLENSION. 


59 


PLURAL. 

N. 

clientes 

urbea 

arces 

noctes 

G. 

clientium 

urbium 

arcium 

noctium 

D. 

clientibus 

urbibus 

arcibus 

noctibus 

Ac. 

clientis,  -is 

urbis,  -es 

arcis,  -is 

noctis,  -es 

Ab. 

clientibus 

urbibus 

arcibus 

noctibus 

a.  Most  nouns  in  -ns  and  -rs  are  declined  like  those  above. 
Parens,  parent,  has  the  genitive  plural  parentum. 

b.  Besides  nox,  three  common  monosyllables  in  -s  or  -x  fol- 
lowing a  vowel,  mus  (gen.  muris),  fnouse,  nix  (gen.  nivis),  snow, 
and  OS  (gen.  ossis),  bone,  have  -ium  in  the  genitive  plural. 

153.  A  review  of  the  paradigms  of  nouns  with 
i-stems  indicates  that  to  i-stems  belong 

1.  Nouns  in  -is  and  -es  not  increasing  in  the  genitive.^ 

2.  Neuters  in  -e,  -al,  -ar. 

3.  Nouns  in  -ns.     So  also  those  in  -rs. 

4.  Monosyllables  in  -s  jor,-x  following  a  consonant. 

a.  Decline  together  nigra  nubes,  animal  magnum,  urbs  pul- 
chra,  ilia  arx,  hoc  mare. 


154. 


Model  Sentences. 


1.  Hieme  et  aestate  homines  laborant,  men  toil  in  winter 
and  summer. 

2.  Prima  luce  multos  hostes  vident,  at  daybreak  {Jirst 
light')  they  see  7nany  enemies. 

3.  His  viginti  amiis  aedificatae  sunt  multae  urbes,  within 
these  twenty  years  many  cities  have  been  built. 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  in  the  above  sentences  are 
expressions  of  time.  They  answer  the  questions,  When  ?  in, 
or  within  what  time  ? 

1  That  is,  having  no  more  syllables  than  in  the  nominative. 


60  THIRD  DECLENSION. 

155.  Rule.  —  Time  when   or  within  which   is 

expressed  hy  the  ablative. 

156.  Vocabulary. 

aestas,  aestatis,  f.  summer.  nox,  noctis,  f.  (nocti-),  night. 

arx,  arcis,  f.  (arci-),  citadel^  primus,  -a,  -um,  Jirst. 

fortress.  recreo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  re- 
avis,  -is,  f.  (avi-)  dzrcf.  fresh. 

eheu,  interj.  alas !  secundus,  -a,  -um,  second. 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.  winter.  tempus,  -oris,  n.  time. 

hora,  -ae,  f.  hour.  urbs,  urbis,  f.  (urbi-),  city. 

lux,  lucis,  f.  light.  volo,  -are,  -avi,  -aturus,iyfK. 

157.  I.  Hieme  ventus  mare  et  nubes  agitat.  2.  Aestate 
somnus  est  gratus  hominibus  defessis.  3.  In  mari  nubem 
avium  prima  luce  vident  pueri.  4.  Hora  secunda  vident 
animalia  magno  corpore.  5.  Homines  territi  equos  conci- 
tant  calcaribus.  6.  Prima  nocte  ^  aves  ex  mari  in  terram 
volant.  7.  Consul  f ilium  virtute  laudavit.  8.  In  urbe 
est  ignis  quem  hostes  vident  ex  fine  terrae.  9.  Hostes 
oppugnabunt  arcem  quam  in  fine  urbis  vident.  10.  Quo 
tempore  arx  oppugnata  est?  11.  Prima  hora  viginti, 
secunda  septendecim  homines  a  victoribus  sunt  necati. 

158.  I.  Where  had  those  arms  been  with  which  the 
citizens  fought  ?  2.  They  had  been  in  the  highest 
citadel.  3.  Who  is  that  leader  whom  the  citizens  see? 
4.  At  the  second  hour  of  the  night  there  will  be  a  big 
moon.  5.  Then  by  the  light  of  the  moon  they  will 
attack  this  city  boldly.*     6.  They  mean*  to  take  the  city 

1  See  p.  96,  n.  I.     2  gee  3  above.     «  See  93.    *  See  150,  3. 


THIRD  DECLENSION.  61 

and  the  citadel.  7.  Alas  !  will  the  tender  women  and 
children  be  slain  by  the  enemy  ?  8.  On  that  night  the 
bodies  of  the  weary  citizens  were  not  refreshed  by  sleep. 


LESSON  XXIV. 

Third  Declension.  —  Continued.  , 
159.  Gender. 

1.  Nouns  in  -0,  -or,  -os,  -er,<^and  -es  increasing 
in  the  genitive  (commonly  -itis,  -idis),  are  masculine. 

2.  But  nouns  in  -do,  -go,  together  with  abstract 
and  collective  nouns  in  -io,  are  feminine. 

3.  Nouns  in  -as,  *rfis  not  increasing  in  the  geni- 
tive, -is,  -us,  -s  following~ar'consonant,  and  -x,  are 
feminine. 

4.  Nouns  in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -y,  -c,  -1,  -n,  -t,  -ar,  -ur,  -iis, 

are  neuter. 

a.  The  above  rules  are  subordinate  to  the  general  rules  of 
gender  (13). 

b.  Distinguish  carefully  nouns  ending  in  us  and  iis. 

c.  The  rules  will  assist  in  remembering  the  gender  of  nouns, 
but  there  are  many  exceptions  which  the  learner  should  care- 
fully note  as  they  occur. 


62 


THIRD  DECLENSION. 


160.    Table  for  Review  of  Nouns  of  Third  Declension. 


MASCULINE, 

*dux,  ducis,  m.  leader. 
^^''^'^''^1^  equeo,  -itis,  m.  horseman. 
x.terttc*°^®^  -itis,  m.  soldier. 

pedes,  -itis,  xa.  foot-soldier. 
♦princeps,  -ipis,  m.  chief, 
*rex,  regis,  m.  king. 
*lapis,  -idis,  m.  stone. 

pes,  pedis,  va.  foot. 
*adulescens,  -entis,  m.  (adule- 

scenti-),  youth. 
*consul,  -ulis,  m.  consul. 
*Hannibal,  -alis,  m.  Hannibal. 

obses,  -idis,  m.  hostage. 

pater,  patris,  r^.  father. 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.  Scipio. 

victor,  -oris,  m.  victor. 

homo,  -inis,  m.  man. 
*civis,  -is,  m.  (civi-),  citizen. 
*finis,  -is,  m.  (fini-),  end. 
*hostis,  -is,  m.  (hosti-),  enemy. 
*ignis,  -is,  m.  (igni-),y?r^. 
*cliens,    -entis,   m.   (clienti-), 
dependent. 


FEMININE. 

celeritas,  -atis,  f.  quickness. 
virtus,  -utis,  f .  virtue^  courage. 
aetas,  -atis,  f.  age. 
avis,  -is,  f.  (avi-),  bird. 
navis,  -is,  f.  (navi-),  ship. 
nubes,  -is,  f.  (niibi-),  cloud. 
aestas,  -atis,  f.  summer. 
arx,  arcis,  f.  (arci-),  citadel. 
lux,  lucis,  f.  light. 
nox,  noctis,  f.  (nocti-),  night. 
urbs,  urbis,  f.  (urbi-),  city. 
libertas,  -atis,  f .  liberty. 

NEUTER. 

caput,  -itis,  n.  head. 
flumen,  -inis,  n.  river. 
vulnus,  -eris,  n.  wound. 
corpus,  -oris,  n.  body. 
animal,    -alis,    n.    (animali-), 

animal. 
calcar,    -aris,    n.    (calcari-), 

spur. 
mare,  -is,  n.  (mari-),  sea. 
tempus,  -oris,  n.  time. 


a.  Exceptions  to  the  rules  of  gender  (159)  are  starred. 
See  how  many  of  these  are  covered  by  the  general  rules  for 
gender  (13). 

b.  Prove  the  gender  of  nouns  not  starred  by  applying  the 
proper  rule  to  each. 

c.  Make  a  list  of  all  the  above  nouns  having  mute  stems, 
and  another  of  i-stems. 


ANECDO  TE.  —  COLL  OQ  UIUM.  63 

161.  Anecdote. 

Cicero. 

Cicero,  vir  facetus,^  ioca^  amabat.  Olim  Lentulum 
generum,*  qui  parvae  staturae*  erat,  cum  gladio  longo 
videt.  "Quis,"  inquit^  Cicero,  "generum  meum  ad 
ilium  gladium  adligavit  ?  "  "^ 

162.  Colloquium. 
FrAter  et  Sorurcula. 

brother  little  sister. 

S.  Narra  milii,  frater,  de  Polyphemo ;  quis  fuit  et  ubi 
habitabat? 

F.  Polypliemus  filius  Neptuni  fuit  et  cum  fratribus  in 
insula  habitabat. 

S.    Fuitne  arator  et  agros  arabat  ? 

ploughman 

F.    Minime.      Neque   fuit   arator  neque   agros   arabat 

n    1       1   -  neither  nor 

Polyphemus.    • 

S.  Nauta  igitur  sine  dubio  fuit,  et  maria  navibus 
navigabat. 

F.    Erravisti,  mea  sororcula,  Polyphemus  fuit  pastor  et 

You  are  mistaken  shepherd 

magnas  ovium   greges  habebat.     Fuit   ingentis   corporis 

of  sheep       flocks  huge 

et  iinum  tantum  oculum  habuit.     Ulixes  dolosus  ei  iinum 

one  only  eye  Ulysses  crafty         his  one 

oculum  stipite  perforavit. 

stake  bored  out 

S.    Eheu  !    miserrimum  Polyphemum  ! 

Oh  dear !  poor 

"^  WiUy.  "^ Jokes.  ^Son-in-law. 

*  Stature.  ^  Said.  «  Tied. 


64      ADJECTIVES   OF   THE    THIRD  DECLENSION. 


LESSON   XXV. 
Adjectives  of  the  Third  Declension. 


163. 

Paradigms. 

audax,  bold. 

Stem  audaci- 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

M.  and F. 

N. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N. 

audax 

audax 

audacea 

audacia 

G. 

audacis 

audacia 

audacium 

audacium 

D. 

audaci 

audaci 

audacibua 

audacibua 

Ac. 

audacem 

audax 

audacia,  -ea 

audacia 

Ab. 

audaci,  -e 

audaci,  -e 

audacibua 

audacibua 

prudens,  prudent. 

Stem  priidenti- 

N 

prudens 

prudens 

prudentea 

prudentia 

G. 

prudentis 

prudentis 

prudentinm 

prudentium 

D. 

prudent! 

prudenti 

prudentibua 

prudentibua 

Ac. 

prudentem 

prudens 

prudentia,  -ea 

prudentia 

Ab. 

prudent!,  -e 

prudenti,  -e 
brevia,  short. 

prudentibua 
Stem  brevi- 

prudentibua 

N. 

brevis 

breve 

brevea 

brevia 

G. 

brevia 

brevia 

brevium 

brevium 

D. 

brevi 

brevi 

brevibua 

brevibua 

Ac. 

brevem 

breve 

brevia,  -ea 

brevia 

Ab. 

brevi 

brevi 

brevibua 

brevibua 

acer, 

,  keen,  eager,  active.     Stem  acri 

- 

M.             F. 

N. 

M.                F. 

N. 

N. 

acer         acris        acre 

acrea           acrea 

acria 

G. 

acria        acris        acria 

acriuin        acrium        acrium 

D. 

acri          acri          acri 

acribua       acribua       acribua 

Ac. 

acrem      acrem      acre 

acria,  -ea    acria, 

-ea    acria 

Ab. 

acri          acri          acri 

acribua       acribua       acribua 

ADJECTIVE^  OF  TffE    THIRD  DECLENSION.      65 

a.  Adjectives  declined  like  audax  and  prudens,  having  one 
form  in  the  nominative  singular  for  all  genders,  are  called 
adjectives  of  one  termination j  those  declined  like  brevis, 
adjectives  of  two  terminations  j  those  declined  like  acer, 
adjectives  of  three  terminations. 

b.  Like  what  noun  in  the  paradigms  of  i-stems  are  audax 
and  prudens  declined  in  the  masculine  and  feminine?  How 
does  the  neuter  differ  in  declension  from  mare  ? 

c.  Observe  that  adjectives  of  two  terminations  (like  brevis), 
and  also  those  of  three  terminations  (like  acer),  have  only  -i  in 
the  ablative  singular. 

Note.  —  Adjectives  of  one  termination  have  the  genitive 
indicated  in  the  vocabularies.  The  nominatives  only  of  the 
others  are  given. 

164.  Vocabulary. 

aorab,  prep,  with  abl.,/r^w,  ^.  iuvo,  -are,  iuvi,    iutus,  heiPy 

audax,  -acis,  bold,  daring.  aid. 

brevis,  -e,  short,  brief.  mox,  adv.  presently. 

comes,  -itis,  m.  comrade.  occupo,     -are,     -avi,     -atus, 

convoco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call  seize,  take. 

together,  summon.  paro,     -are,     -avi,    -atus,  get 

Clir,  adv.  why?  ready,  prepare  for. 

frater,  fratris,  m.  brother.  ^xvidiens,-eDXia,  wise,  prudent. 

gravis,  -e,  heavy,  severe.  vulnus,  -eris,  n.  wound. 


165. ~  I.  Brevi  tempore  principes  audaces  populum 
convocabunt.  2.  Laudamus  prudentem  populum  qui 
bellum  parat.  3.  Milites  acres  castra  magna  cum  cura 
paraverunt.  4.  Da,  O  Hannibal,  obsidibus  libertatem. 
5.  Frater  duels  gravi  vulnere  ^  ad  castra  portatus   est. 

1  Ablative  of  cause. 


66  ABLATIVE   OF  SPECIFICATION, 

6.  Nuntius  a  libero  populo  celeritate  laudatur.  7.  Ilia 
castra  hostium  prima  luce  occupabimus.  8.  Turn  cives 
virtute  iuvabimus.     9.  Quis  amicos  iuvare  non  tentabit  ? 

166.  I .  The  war  will  be  short,  for  the  leader  is  wise. 
2.  He  will  try  to  seize  the  camp  of  the  enemy.  3.  Why 
will  the  camp  be   seized  by  the  prudent   commander  ? 

4.  He  will  aid  the  hostages,  who  are  now  in  the  camp. 

5.  His  brother  will  help  him  in  this  war.  6.  His  com- 
rade is  now  getting  ready  arms  —  shields,  spears,  arrows. 

7.  Presently  the  eager  soldiers  will  be  called  together. 


LESSON  XXVI. 
Ablative  of  Specification. 

167.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Romani  Gallos  virtute  superabant,  the  Romans  sur- 
passed the  Gauls  in  bravery, 

2.  Puer  comiti  diligentia  est  similis,  the  boy  is  like  his 
comrade  in  industry. 

3.  Bibulus  nomine  tantum  consul  fuit,  Bibulus  was 
consul  only  in  name. 

a.  Virtute  limits  superabant  in  meaning.  In  the  same  way 
diligentia  and  nomine  limit  similis  and  consul.  These  ablatives 
answer  the  question  in  what  respect  ?  The  ablative  thus  used 
is  called  the  ablative  of  specification. 

168.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  with  verhs, 
adjectives,  and  nouns,  to  denote  in  what  respect 
a  thing  is  true. 


ABLATIVE    OF  SPECIFICATION. 


67 


169.  Vocabulary. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  keen^  shrewd.      par,  paris,  equal  (/ 


o)0<M^ 


fortis,  -e,  brave^  strong. 
ingens,  -entis,  huge,  great. 
nomen,  -inis,  n.  name. 
numerus,  -i,  m.  number. 
omnis,  -e,  all,  whole. 


-iJuiA 


scientia,    -ae,    f.    knowledge^ 

skill 
similis,     -e,      like,     similar. 

Often  with  dative. 
terror,  -oris,  m.  alarm^  terror. 


170.  I.  Ille  pedes  comitem  celeritate  pedum  sLiperavit. 

2.  Is   miles    ab    hoc   oppidano    audacia   superatus    est. 

3.  Consul  est  regl  par  belli  scientia.  4.  Brevi  tempore 
in  urbe  terror  fuit  ingens.  5.  Nam  hostes  audaces  numero 
cives  superaverunt.  6.  Omnes  duces,  homines  fortes 
prudentesque,  multa  vulnera  habent.  7.  Quis  igitur  eos 
inopia  virtutis  nunc  culpabit  ?  8.  Nunc  somnus  gratus 
est  ei  forti  militi,  qui  animo  et  corpore  est  defessus. 
9.  Laudate  principem  acri  animo  ^  et  corpore  ^  valido. 

171.  I.  Hannibal,  leader  of  the  Carthaginians,  sur- 
passed the  Romans  in  skill  in  war.^  2.  He  was  a 
man  of  shrewd  mind.  3.  In  courage  he  was  like  his 
father.  4.  Who  was  his  *  equal  in  daring  ?  5.  In  a  short 
time  his  name  was  a  terror  to  the  enemy  on  account  of 
his  many  victories.  6.  But  in  good  fortune  he  was  not 
equal  to  Scipio.  7.  In  what  great  battle  was  he  defeated 
by  that  Roman  ? 

1  See  140.  2  Genitive  »  Ei. 


Gladius. 


68  SECOND   CONJUGATION. 

LESSON   XXVII. 

Second  Conjugation.  — E- Verbs. 

Moneo  (stem  mone),  advise. 

Principal  Parts:  mone5,  monere,  monui,  monitus. 

172.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative, 
and  the  present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of 
moneS  (512). 

a.  Compare  the  forms  of  moneo  with  those  of  amo.  To 
inflect  moneo,  you  have  only  to  remember  that  the  stem  vowel 
is  e  instead  of  a. 


173.  I.  Monet,  monebat,  monebit.  2.  Monetur,  mone 
batur,  monebitur.  3.  Monent,  monebant,  monebunt 
4.  Monentur,  monebantur,  monebuntur.  5.  Moneo 
monebam,  monebo.  6.  Moneor,  monebar,  monebor 
7.    Monemus,    monemur.     8.    Monebamus,    monebamur, 

9.  Monebimus,  monebimur.    10.  Mone,  monere.   11.  Mo 
nete,  monemini.     12.  Monere,  moneri. 

a.  Like  moneo  inflect  in  both  voices  the  following  :  habed, 
have^  hold;  video,  see;  terreo,  frighten;  moved,  move. 

174.  I.  He  sees,  he  is  seen.  2.  He  was  seeing,  he 
was  seen.  3.  He  will  see,  he  will  be  seen.  4.  They  are 
seeing,  they  are  seen.  5.  To  have,  to  see,  to  frighten. 
6.  To  be  had,  to  be  seen,  to  be  frightened.  7.  We  shall 
see,  we  shall  be  seen.  8.  You  were  seeing,  you  were 
seen.     9.  Does  he  hold  t   Is  he  seen  ?    Is  he  frightened  t 

10.  See  (thou),  see  (ye).     11,  Be  thou  seen,  be  ye  seen. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION. 


69 


175. 


Vocabulary. 


antiquus,  -a,  -um,  old^  of  old^ 
ancient.  [increase. 

augeo,    -ere,     auxi,    auctus, 

habeo,  -ere,  -ni,  habitus,  hold, 
have,  keep. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansi,  mansus, 
wait,  remain,  stay. 

mora,  -ae,  f.  delay. 

antiquus,  ancient,  old,  as 
vetus,  old,  as  opposed  to 


moveo,    -ere,     movi,    motua, 

move. 
quoque,  conj.  too,  also. 
sine,  prep,  with  abl.,  without. 
terreo,  -ere,  terrui,   territus, 

frighten. 
vetus,  veteris,  old. 
video,  -ere,  vidi,  visus,  see. 

opposed  to  modern,  new. 
recent,  young. 


176.  I.  Incolae  terrebantur  et  omnia  quae  habebant 
ex  urbe  movebant.  2.  Secunda  noctis  hora  ingens  ignis 
omnibus  a  civibus  videbatur.  3.  Ubi  fuit  is  ignis  quern 
Gives  videbant  .<*  4.  Ignis  fuit  in  ilia  arce  vetere  quam 
homines  antiqui  aedificaverant.  5.  Ignem  ventus  magnus 
auget  ;  augetur  igitur  civium  illorum  terror.  6.  Qui 
aquam  portabunt  ?  7.  Cur  manetis  ?  8.  Nonne  sunt  in 
ilia  arce  viginti  homines  .'*  9.  Sine  mora  aqua  ab  oppi- 
danis  et  servis  fidis  portabatur.  10.  Feliciter  brevi 
tempore  ii  viri  fortes  in  arce  servati  sunt.  1 1 .  Omnes 
Gives  gaudent  {rejoice)  et  nos  {we)  quoque  gaudemus. 


POCULUM. 


70  READING  LESSON. 

LESSON  XXVIII. 

177.  ReadingLesson.^ 

The  Volscians. 

Olim  Volsci,  Romanorum  hostes  audaces,  urbi  Romae' 
ingentem  terrorem  praebebant.  Terror  subitus  erat,  nam 
hostes  prope  erant.  Turn  consul  sine  mora  iuventutem 
armat,  complet  cibo  urbem,  omnia  *  tuta  et  tranquilla  prae- 
bet.  Interim  hostes  aedificia  multa  in  agris  delent.  Ita 
terrorem  augent  rusticorum  quos  cives  frustra  iuvare  ten- 
tant.    Hostes  ridebant  et  gaudebant,  sed  rustic!  lugebant. 

178.  I.  Who  are  causing  great  terror  to  this  city  ? 
2.  The  enemy  are  close  at  hand,  consul  ;  arm  the  youth 
without  delay.  3.  The  youth  were  armed  speedily  by  the 
consul.  4.  He  will  fill  the  city  with  food,  he  will  render 
all  things  in  the  city  safe.  5.  In  the  meantime  the  enemy 
were  destroying  many  buildings  in  the  fields.  6.  The 
alarm  of  the  country  people  is  increased.  7.  For  the 
enemy  are  increasing  in  number. 

179.  Vocabulary. 

aedificium,  -i,  n.  building.  iuventiis,  -utis,  f.  youth. 

compleo,     -ere,     -evi,     -etua,       lugeo,  -ere,  luxi, ,  7nourn. 

fill,  fill  up,  cover.  praebeS,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  fur- 

deleo,      -ere,       -evi,  -etus,           nisfi,  render,  cause. 

destroy.  prope,  adv.  near. 

frustra,  adv.  in  vain.  rideo,  -ere,  risi,  risus,  latigh. 

Interim,    adv.   in   the  mean-       riisticua,  -i,  m.  peasant. 

time.  tutuB,  -a,  -um,  safe. 

1  See  introductory  note  to  144.        *  Appositive.       *  All  things. 


THE  LOCATIVE   CASE.  71 


LESSON    XXIX. 
The   Locative    Case. 

180.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Caesar  Romae  mansit,  Caesar  re7nained  at  Rome. 

2.  Atbenis  erat  templum  pulchrum,  at  Athens  there  was 
a  fine  temple. 

3.  Consul  riiri  habitabat,  the  consul  was  living  in  the 
country. 

a.  Names  of  towns  and  a  few  other  words  have  a  form 
called  the  Locative,  which  expresses  the  idea  of  at,  in,  on. 

b.  The  Locative  has  the  following  endings  : 

SING.  PLU. 

First  declension -ae        -is 

Second  declension -i  -is 

Third  declension -i(-e)    -ibus 

181.  Vocabulary. 

Athena,    -ae,    f.    Athena    (a  iaceo,  -ere,  iacui, ,  lie. 

goddess).         '  Tralles,  -inm,  f.  (pi.)  Tralles. 

Athenae,     -arum,     f.     (pi.)  Zama,  -ae,  f.  Z'ama. 

Athens.  

Capua,  -ae,  f.  Capua.  ,domi,  at  home  (499). 

Carthago,  -inis,  f.  Carthage.  humi,  on  the  ground. 

Corinthus,  -i,  f.  Corinth.  militiae,  in  the  field  {of  war). 

Delphi,  -orum,  m.  (pi.)  Delphi,  ruri,  in  the  country. 


182.  I.  Corinthi  clarum  videbamus  templum  quod 
nunc  deletur.  2.  Statua  Athenae  antiquis  temporibus 
Athenis  videbatur.  3.  Ubi  nunc  est  ilia  statua  quam 
olim  videbant  homines  ?     4.  Roman!  Scipionis  victoriis 


72  SECOND  CONJUGATION. 

fuerunt  laeti.  5.  Quern  clarum  principem  necaverunt 
Poeni  Carthagini?  6.  Principem  Romanum,  cui  nomen 
fuit  Regulus,  necaverunt.  7.  Meus  f rater  domi  manebat. 
8.  Humi  diu  iacebant  milites  qui  vulnera  multa  et  gravia 
habebant.  9.  Romani  domi  militiaeque  clari  fuerunt. 
10.  Frustra  diu  Trallibus  manebimus. 

183.  I.  Hannibal  kept  the  horsemen  and  infantry  at 
Capua.  2.  The  fear  of  Hannibal  kept  the  citizens  in  the 
city.  3.  Meanwhile  peasants  furnished  grain  for  the 
horses,  food  for  the  men.  4.  At  Zama  in  Africa  Han- 
nibal was  defeated  by  Scipio.  5.  At  Delphi  there  was 
a  famous  temple.  6.  By  whom  was  the  temple  at  Delphi 
built  ?  7.  Why  are  you  lying  on  the  ground,  lazy  boys.'' 
8.  Men,  be  brave  at  home  and  in  the  field. 


LESSON   XXX. 

Second  Conjugation.  —  Continued. 

184.    Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  future  perfect  indica- 
tive, and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  moned  (512). 


185.  I.  Monuit,  monuerat,  monuerit.  2.  Monuerunt, 
monuerant,  monuerint:  3.  Monui,  monitus  sum.  4.  Mo- 
nuerit, monitus  erit.  5.  Monueram,  monitus  eram. 
6.  Monuisti,  monueras,  monueris.  7.  Monitus  est, 
monita  erat,  monita  erit.     8.  Monuisse,  monitus  esse. 

186.  I.  Movi,  moveram,  movero.  2.  Motus  sum, 
motus  eram,  motus  ero.     3.  Praebitus  est,  praebitus  erat, 


SECOND   CONJUGATION.  73 

praebitus  erit.  4.  Vidit,  viderat,  viderit.  5.  Visus  est, 
visus  erat,  visus  erit.  6.  Terruerunt,  terruerant,  terrue- 
rint.  7.  Territi  sunt,  territi  erant,  territi  erunt.  8.  Dele- 
tum  est,  deletum  erat,  deletum  erit. 

187.  I.  We  had,  we  had  had,  we  shall  have  had. 
2.  They  had,  they  had  had,  they  will  have  had.  3.  We 
saw,  we  were  seen.  4.  We  had  seen,  we  had  been  seen. 
5.  We  shall  have  seen,  we  shall  have  been  seen.  6.  He 
filled,  he  increased.     7.  They  remained,  they  mourned. 

188.  Vocabulary. 

Caesar,  -aris,  m.  Caesar j-^.  1 1 7.  postea,  adv.  afterwards. 

demigro,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,  poterat,  could^  was  able. 

remove^  go  away.  poterant,  could,  were  able. 

Pompeiua,  -ei,  m.  Pompey.  quia,  conj.  because. 


189.    I.  Sine    scutis    milites    pugnare    non    poterant. 

2.  Hannibal  Capuae  sine  multo  cibo  manere  n5n  poterat. 

3.  Cur  Hannibal  in  Africam  demigravit  ex  Italia  ?  4.  Quia 
in  Africa  erat  magnus  terror.  5.  Caesar  qui  Romae 
manserat  magna  cum  celeritate  ex  urbe  properavit. 
6.  Caesar  multum  ex  Gallia  aurum  porta verat.  7.  Id 
aurum,  quod  a  Caesare  portatum  erat,  in  antiquo  templo 
habitum  est.  8.  Hoc  aurum  Caesar  ex  templo  postea 
movit.  9.  Caesar  secundo  belli  anno  Pompeium  qui  fuit 
inimicus  superavit. 


Arcus. 


74 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 


LESSON   XXXI. 
Comparison  of  Adjectives. 

Ablative  of  Comparison. 

190.  In  Latin,  as  in  English,  there  are  three 
degrees  of  comparison,  the  positive,  the  compara- 
tive, and  the  superlative. 


191. 

POSITIVE. 

altus  (alto-),  high 
brevis  (brevi-),  short 
audaz  (audaci-),  bold 


COMPARATIVE. 

altior 

brevior 

audacior 


SUPERLATIVE. 

altisslmus 

brevissimua 

audacissixnuB 


a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  is  formed  from  the  stem 
of  the  positive  by  dropping  the  stem  vowel,  if  there  is  one, 
and  adding  -ior ;  the  superlative  by  adding  -issimus. 

miser  (misero-),  wretched         miserior  miserrimus 

acer  (acri-),  keen  acrior  acerrimua 

b.  Observe  that  adjectives  in  -er  form  the  superlative  by 
adding  -rimus  to  the  positive.  The  comparative  is  formed 
as  in  adjectives  in  -us. 


192. 


Declension  of  Comparatives. 
Paradigm. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

M.  and  F. 

A^. 

M.  and  F. 

N. 

N. 

altior 

altius 

altioris 

altiora 

G. 

altioris 

alti5ris 

altionim 

altionim 

D. 

altiari 

altiori 

altioribus 

altioribus 

Ac. 

altiorem 

altius 

altioris,  -is 

al  tiara 

Ab. 

altiore,  -i 

altiore,  -i 

altioribus 

altioribus 

COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES.  75 

a.  The  comparative  of  all  adjectives  except  plus,  more  (207), 
is  declined  like  altior ;  the  superlative  like  bonus. 

b.  Compare  and  decline  in  the  comparative,  carus,  gratus, 
fortis,  prudens. 

193.  Model  Sentences. 

I .  Virtus  hominibuB  carior  est  ^ 


virtue  is  more  precious  to 
tnen  than  gold. 


quam  aunim, 

2.  Virtus  hominibus  carior  est 
auro, 

3.  Via  est  brevior,  the  way  is  rather  (or  too^  short. 

4.  Via  est  brevissima,  the  way  is  very  short. 

a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  may  be  followed,  as  in  the 
first  sentence,  by  quam.  If  quam  is  used,  the  two  objects 
compared  (virtiis  and  aurum)  are  in  the  same  case. 

b.  But  quam  may  be  omitted,  as  in  the  second  sentence  ; 
then  the  comparative  is  followed  by  the  ablative.  The  ablative 
can  be  used  only  in  place  of  quam  and  the  nominative,  or  quam 
and  the  accusative. 

194.  Rule.  —  The  comparative  is  followed  by 
the  ablative  when  quam  {than)  is  omitted. 

c.  Observe  in  3  and  4  an  occasional  use  of  the  comparative 
meaning  too  or  rather,  and  of  the  superlative  meaning  very. 

195.  Vocabulary. 

altus,  -a,  -mn,  high.,  deep.  mons,    mentis,   m.    (monti-), 
angustus,  -a,  -um,  narrow.  mountain  (496).  ^      ^S"^, 

imperator,      -oris,     m.     com-  nix,  nivis,  f,  (nivi-),  snow. 

fnander,  general.^    : .  ^*       ~  Padus,  -i,  m,  the  Po. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  way.,  march^  sapiens,  -entis,  wise. 

journey  (499).  utilis,  -e,  useful. 
umbra,  -ae,  f.  shade. 


76 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 


196.  I .  Quis  urbem  pulchriorem  quam  Romam  vidit  ? 

2.  Quis  urbem  pulchriorem  Roma  vidit?  3.  Aestate  um- 
bra gratior  est  quam  hieme.  4.  Miles  gladium  longiorem 
habuit.     5.  Hoc  iter  ad  castra  Caesaris  est  brevissimum. 

6.  Montes  altissimi  aestate  nive  sunt  albi.  .  7.  Padus 
fuit  Italiae  flumen  pulcherrimum.  8.  Quod  flumen  pul- 
chrius  Pado  Poeni  viderant  ?  9.  Arma  quibus  Romani 
pugnabant  gravia  erant.  10.  Helvetii  angustos  fines 
habuerunt.  11.  Quod  iter  est  brevius  quam  illud? 
12.  Quod  iter  est  brevius  illo  ? 

197.  I.    What    commander    have    you    seen    braver 
than  Caesar?     2.  Did  not  his  name  terrify  the  Gauls? 

3.  The  bravest  men  are  not  always  the  wisest.  4.  Seas 
are  deeper  than  rivers.  5.  What  is  more  useful  to  men 
than    money  ?      6.    My   companion   was   very   prudent. 

7.  The  companion  whom  we  had  was  very  wise.  8.  My 
sword  is  rather  long. 


Scuta. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 


77 


LESSON   XXXII. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives.  —  Continued. 

Partitive  Genitive. 

The  following  tables  are  given  for  reference. 

198.    Six  adjectives  in  -lis  drop  the  final  vowel  of 
the  stem  and  add  -limus  to  form  the  superlative : 


POSITIVE. 

facilis,  -e,  easy. 
difficilis,  -e,  hard. 
similis,  -e,  like. 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 
humilis,  -e,  low. 
gracilis,  -e,  slender. 


comparative. 
facilior,  -ius 
difficilior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 


superlative. 
facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difificillimus,  -a.  -um 
simillimus,  -a,  -um 


dissimilior,  -ius  dissimillimus,  -a.  -um 
humilior,  -ius      humillimus,  -a,  -mn 
gracilior,  -ius      gracillimus,  -a,  -um 

199.  The  following  also  form  their  superlative 
irregularly.  The  positives  are  not  used  in  the 
nominative  singular  masculine. 


exterus,  outward. 
inferus,  below. 
posterus,  following. 
superus,  above. 


exterior,  outer,    extremus 

exterior.  extimus 

inferior,  lower,    infimus 

imus 
posterior,  later,   postremus  j  , 

postumus 
superior,  higher,  supremus 

summus 


!  outermost, 
last. 

lowest. 


highest. 


200.  The  following  want  the  positive.  They  form 
the  comparative  and  superlative  from  prepositions  or 
adverbs. 

[CIS,  c\ir2i,on  this  side. "]  citerior,  hither,    citimus,  hithermost. 
[in,  intra,  in,  within.'\  interior,  inner,     intimus,  inmost. 
[prae,  pro,  before."]        prior,  former.      primus,  frst. 
[prope,  near.']  propior,  nearer,  proximus,  next. 

[ultra,  beyond?^  ulterioi, further,  ultimua,  furthest y  last. 


78  COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 

201.  Some  adjectives  are  compared,  as  in  English, 
by  means  of  adverbs: 

idoneuB,  Jit  j   magis  idoneus,  more  Jitj  maxime  idoneua, 
most  Jit. 

202.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Honim    Gallonim    fortissimi    erant    Belgae,    oj  these 
Gauls  the  bravest  were  the  Belgians. 

2.  Multi  milltum  necati  sunt,  many  oJ  the  soldiers  were 
killed. 

3.  Plus  pecuniae  habent  quam  virtutis,  they  have  more 
(oj^  money  than  {oJ)  worth. 

a.    Observe  that  each  genitive  denotes  a  whole  of  which  a 
part  is  taken.     This  genitive  is  called  the  Partitive  Genitive. 

203.  Rule.  —  The  partitive  genitive  is  used  to 
denote  the  whole  of  which  a  -part  is  taken. 

a.    Sometimes  e  (ex)  with  the  ablative  is  used  instead  of  the 
partitive  genitive  :  multi  ex  militibus,  many  oJ  the  soldiers. 

204.  Vocabulary. 

Brutus,  -i,  m.  Brutus.  inferus,  -a,  -um,  lower. 

citerior,  -ius,  hither.  magnitudo,  -inis,  f.  size. 

collis,  -is,  m.  (colli-),  hill.  Ocelum,  -i,  n.  Ocelum^  a  town. 

consilium,  -i,  n.  wisdom  (59).  pars,  partis,  f.  (parti-),  part^ 
difficilis,  -e,  difficult,  hard.  share. 

dissimilis,  -e,  unlike,  with  dat.  pensum,  -i,  n.  task,  lesson. 

facilis,  -e,  easy.  propior,  -ius,  nearer,  with  dat. 

Gallus,  -i,  m.  a  Gaul.  superus,  -a,  -um,  high. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  Jit,  suitable.  ulterior,  -ius,  Jurther. 


205.    I.  Multum  itineris  est  angustum  sed  facillimum. 
2.  Homines    Africae    hominibus^    Europae   sunt    dissi- 

1  Dative. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES. 


79 


millimi.  3.  Pensum  quod  est  facile  omnibus  placet. 
4.  Illud  oppidum,  Ocelum  nomine,  est  citerioris  Galliae 
ultimum.  5.  Galli  quos  prima  hora  vidimus  in  superiore 
parte  collis  erant.  6.  Sed  secunda  hora  Inferiorem  partem 
compleverant.  7.  Oceli  viginti  ex  equitibus  vulnerati  sunt. 
8.  Brutus,  vir  summi  consili,  ultimus  Romanorum  appella- 
tus  est.  9.  Prima  luce  pars  hostium  in  monte  videbatur 
a  militibus.  10.  Urbs  Roma  mari^  non  erat  proxima. 
II.  Omnium  coUium  quos  videmus  ille  est  magnitudine 
castris  maxime  idoneus. 

206.  I.  What  easier  task  do  you  see  than  this? 
2.  We  have  seen  more  difficult  things.^  3.  These  new 
books  are  very  unlike  in  size.^  4.  Which*  of  those 
hills  is  the  nearest?  5.  What  towns  are  very  near  that 
river  yonder,  the  Po  ?  6.  In  a  very  short  time  the 
bravest  of  the  enemy  were  frightened.  7.  All  the 
soldiers  that  we  saw  on  the  next  hill  were  Gauls. 
8.  Whose  horses  are  handsomer  than  Marcus's  ? 


1  Dative. 

2  Omit   and    use    the    neuter 
plural  of  the  adjective. 


8  See  168. 

*  Masculine  gender.     Why? 


Navis  Pirata. 


80 


COMPARISON  OP  ADjBCTlVP^. 


LESSON  XXXIII. 

Comparison  of  Adjectives.  —  Continued. 

Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference. 

207.    The  following  adjectives  form  the  compara- 
tive and  superlative  irregularly: 


POSITIVE. 

COMPARATIVE. 

SUPERLATIVE. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  good. 

melior,  melius 

optimus,  -a,  -um 

malus,  -a,  -um,  bad. 

peior,  peius 

pessimus,  -a,  -um 

magnus,  -a,  -um,  great. 

malor,  maius 

maximus.  -a,  -um 

multus,  -a,  -um.  7nuch. 
multi,  -ae,  -a,  many. 

— -  plus  (208) 

plurimus,  -a.  -um 

y 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  small. 

minor,  minus 

minimus,  -a,  -um 

senex,  senis,  old. 

senior  * 

maximus  natu 

iuvenis,  -e.  young. 

iunior  i 

minimus  natu 

vetus,  veteris.  old. 

vetustior,  -ius 

veterrimus,  -a.  -um 

208.    Declension  of  plus,  ;«^r^,pl 

yxr.more  or  many. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

M  P.                    N. 

M.P. 

N. 

N.                      plus 

plures 

plura 

G.     pluris              plurium 

plurium 

D. 

pluribus 

pluribus 

Ac.  plus 

pluris,  -es 

plura 

Ab.  plure 

1              pluribus 

plijribus 

209.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Caesar  sex  annis  minor  natu   erat   Pompeio,  Caesar 
was  six  years  younger  {younger  by  six  years)  than  Pompey. 

2.  Arces  decem  pedlbus  sunt  altiores  quam  murus,  the 
towers  are  ten  feet  higher  {higher  by  ten  feet)  than  the  wall. 

^  Instead  of  senior,  malor  natu      and  instead  of  iunior,  minor  n&tu ; 
{greater  by  birth)  is  often  used,       but  natu  is  sometimes  omitted. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES.  81 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  annis  and  pedibus  answer  the 
question  {by)  how  much  ?  and  denote  the  Degree  of  Differ- 
ence between  the  objects  compared. 

210.  Rule.  —  Degree  of  difference  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative. 

211.  Vocabulary. 

Catilina,  -ae,  m.  Catiline.  prudentia,    -ae,    f.    wisdom^ 
Cicero,  -onis,  m.  Cicero; p.  141.  prudence^  foresight. 

interdum,  adv.  sometimes.  semper,  adv.  always. 

natu,  abl.,  m.  by  birth ^  in  age.  senex,  senis,  old  (499). 

orator,  -oris,  m.  orator.  sex  (indecl.),  six. 

pigritia,  -ae,  f .  laziness.  timeo,  -ere,  timui, ,  fear. 

Senex,  used  mostly  of  persons,  and  implying  respect. 
Vetus,  much  more  used  as  an  adjective,  and  applied  to 
persons  and  things. 


212.  I.  Pompeius  sex  annis  maior  natu  erat  quam 
Caesar.  2.  Nonne  orator  quoque  clarissimus  sex  annis 
maior  ^  erat  Caesare.-*  3.  Quid  erat  ei  nomen?  4.  Cicero, 
qui  oratorum  Romanorum  maximus  appellatur.  5.  Optimi 
oratores  interdum  sunt  pessimi  cives.  6.  Sed  Cicero 
civis  optimus  erat  et  acerrimus  consul.  7.  Sapientissimis 
consiliis  Romam  servavit,  quam  Catilina  delere  tentavit. 
8.  Optimos  "^  amamus,  timemus  pessimos.  9.  Catilina 
ab  omnibus  bonis  civibus  timebatur.  10.  Multo  melius^ 
est  amari  quam  timeri,  et  non  difficilius. 

1  See  p.  80,  note  i.  ^  Neuter,  because  the   infini- 

2  The  best  {men).  See  p.  44,  tive  is  regarded  as  a  neuter 
note  2.  noun. 


82     FORMA  TION  AND  COMPARISON  OF  AD  VERBS. 

213.  I .  A  man  with  a  large  head  ^  is  not  always 
superior  in  wisdom.  2.  It  is  much  easier  to  love 
friends  than  enemies.  3.  What  is  worse  than  laziness? 
4.  Very  many  of  the  soldiers  had  more  courage  ^  than 
prudence.^  5.  The  oldest  wines  are  not  always  the 
best.  6.  My  brother,  who  is  older  than  Sextus,  is  a 
head*  taller  than  Marcus.  7.  Was  not  Caesar  a  better 
general  than  Pompey  ?  8.  Caesar  had  a  great  many^ 
friends. 


LESSON  XXXIV. 
Formation  and  Comparison  of  Adverbs. 
Formation. 
214.  Models. 


ADJECTIVE. 

STEM. 

ADVERB. 

gratus,  agreeable. 

grato- 

grate,  agreeably. 

miser,  wretched. 

misero- 

misere,  wretchedly. 

pulcher,  beautiful. 

pulchro- 

pulchre,  beautifully. 

a.  Observe  that  adverbs  from  adjectives  with  o-stems  are 
formed  by  changing  the  0  to  e. 

fortis,  brave.  forti-  fortiter,  bravely. 

acer,  eager.  acri-  acriter,  eagerly. 

prudens,  wise.  prudenti-       prudenter,  wisely. 

b.  Observe  that  adverbs  are  formed  from  adjectives  with 
i-stems  by  adding  ter  to  the  stem. 

c.  Observe  that  stems  in  -nti-  drop  ti  before  ter. 

1  See  140.  «  See  193,  a.  ^  Express  a   great   many  by 

3  See  202,  3.      <  See  209.  one  word. 


FORMATION  AND  COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS.    83 

ADJECTIVE.  ADVEKB. 

multus,  7nuch.  multum,  much. 

facilis,  easy.  facile,  easily. 

impunis,  unpunished.  impune,  with  safety. 

d.  The  accusative  singular  neuter  of  tiie  adjective  is  some- 
times used  as  an  adverb. 

citus,  quick.  cito,  quickly. 

subitus,  sudden.  subito,  suddenly. 

primus,  first.  primo,  at  first. 

e.  The  ablative  singular  neuter  of  the  adjective  is  sometimes 
used  as  an  adverb. 


Comparison. 

15. 

Models: 

POSITIVE. 

COMPARATIVE. 

SUPERLATIVE. 

grate,  agreeably. 

gratiua 

gratissime  : 

misere,  wretchedly. 

miserids 

miserrime 

acriter,  eagerly. 

acrius 

acerrime 

feliciter,  luckily. 

fellcius 

felicissime 

bene,^  well. 

melius 

optime 

male,  badly,  ill. 

peius 

pessime 

multum,  7nuch. 

plus 

plurimuni 

magis 

maxime 

a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same 
as  the  neuter  accusative  singular  of  the  comparative  of  the 
adjective  ;  and  that  the  superlative  is  formed  from  the  superla- 
tive of  the  adjective  by  changing,  as  in  the  positive,  the  final 
0  of  the  stem  to  e. 

b.  If  the  adjective  is  irregular  in  comparison,  the  adverb  is 
also  irregular. 

c.  Form  adverbs  from  the  following  adjectives  and  compare 
them  :  brevis  (brevi-),  short,  liber  (libero-),  free,  aeger  (aegro-), 
weak,  similis  (simili-),  like. 

1  Formed  irregularly  from  bonus. 


84     FORMATION  AND  COMPARISON  OF  ADVERBS. 

216.  Vocabulary. 

acriter,  adv.  eagerly^  fiercely,     diutius,    adv.,    comp.    of    diu, 
amplius,  adv.  more^  longer.  [superl.,  diutissime],  longer. 

care,  adv.  dearly.     ,-    '    i  facile,  adv.  easily, 

coipisi, -die,  {.plenty,  abundance,  fideliter,  2i&v.  faithfully. 
debeo,  -ere,  debui,  debitus,     ibi,  adv.  there,  in  that  place. 

owe,  ought,  must.  lex,  legis,  f.  law.  [(152,  a). 

diligenter,  adv.  diligently.  parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.  parent 

pareo,  -ere,  parui, ,  (w.  dat.)  obey. 

Bubito,  adv.  suddenly. 


217.  1.  Milites  Romani  virtute  Gallos  facile  supe- 
rabant.       2.     Longis    hastis    multo    fortius    pugnabant. 

3.  Amplius  sex  horis  fortissime  pugnaverunt.  4.  Consul 
Romae  diutius  manebat  quam  Capuae.  5.  Caesar  castra 
movit  et  subito  oppidum  oppugnavit.  6.  Hieme  montes 
altissimi  copia  nivis  complentur.  7.  Turn  miseri  rustic! 
in  aedificiis,  animalia  in  agris  vivunt  (live).  8.  Pueri  ^ 
parentes  carissime  amare  debent.  9.  Parentes  pueris 
consilium  optimum  dant.  10.  Pro  eis  dlligentissime  labo- 
rant.  11.  Pueri,  parentibus  ^  parete,  quibus  omnia  debetis. 
12.  Legibus^  patriae  fidelissime  parere  debemus. 

218.  I .  The  Gauls  were  more  easily  frightened  than 
the  Romans.  2.  Did  not  Caesar  stay  a  very  long  time 
in  Gaul .?     3.  There  he  fought  battles  most  successfully. 

4.  Suddenly  he  moved  his  camp  into  lower  Italy.  5.  The 
elders  *  who  were  in  the  city  remained,  and  luckily  were 
saved.  6.  That  boy  laughs  much  ;  he  is  merry.  7.  Laugh- 
ing^ is  much  better  than  mourning.*  8.  Children  some- 
times do  not  obey  their  parents  faithfully. 

1  Children.  »  Older  {men).         <  To  laugh. 

2  Notice  the  dative  with  pfired.      ^  To  mourn.     Cf.  212,  10. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  85 

219.  Colloquium, 

njtr'^*  Pater  et  Filiolus. 
P.    Quid,  mi  filiole,  in  schola  hodie  discebas  ? 

little  son  learn 

F.    Discebam,  mi  pater,  pensum  de  adverbiis  longissi- 
mum. 

P.    Cui  parti  orationis  est  adverbium  simillimum  ? 

speech 

F.    Simillimum,  ut  opinor,  est  adverbium  adiectivo. 

as      I  think 

P.    Recte,  puer  ;  sed  illud  mihi  explica,  si  poteris  :   Si,  ut 

explain      if      you  can  as 

dicis,  adverbium  adiectivo  est  simile,  unde  nomen  traxit  ? 

say  whence  has  derived 

F.    Fortasse     propter     hoc,    quia    saepissime    verbis 

perhaps       on  account  of  very  often  verbs 

adiungitur. 

it  is  joined 

P.    Optime,    filiole  ;     en    tibi    assem ! 

behold  for  you      penny 


LESSON    XXXV. 

Third  Conjugation.  —  E-Verbs. 

Rego,  (stem  rege)  rule. 

Principal  Parts  :    rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectus. 

220.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative, 
and  the  present  imperative  and  infinitive,  active  and  passive, 
of  rego  (513). 

a.  Compare  the  forms  of  rego  with  those  of  amo  and  moneo. 
See  wherein  they  are  alike,  and  wherein  they  differ. 


221.    I.  Regit,  regebat,  reget.     2.  Regitur,  regebatur, 
regetur.     3.    Regunt,    regebant,    regent.     4.    Reguntur, 


86  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

regebantur,  regentur.  5.  Regis,  regebas,  reges.  6.  Rege- 
ris,  regebaris,  regeris.  7.  Regimus,  regimur.  8.  Rege- 
bamus,  regebamur.  9.  Regemus,  regemur.  10.  Regere, 
regi.      II.   Regite,  regimini.      12.  Rege,  regere. 

a.  Like  rego  inflect  in  both  voices  the  same  tenses  of  duco, 
lead^  mitto,  send,  and  scribo,  write. 

222.  I.  He  leads,  he  is  led.  2.  He  was  leading,  he 
was  led.  3.  He  will  lead,  he  will  be  led.  4.  They  lead, 
they  are  led.  5.  To  lead,  to  send,  to  write.  6.  To  be 
led,  to  be  sent,  to  be  written.  7.  We  shall  send,  we 
shall   be    sent.       8.    You    were    leading,  you    were    led. 

9.  Does    he    lead  t       Is    he    sent  .''       Does    he    write  ? 

10.  Write,  lead,^  send.  11.  Be  thou  led,  be  ye  led. 
12.  I  lead,   I  am  led. 

223.  Vocabulary. 

defendo,    -ere,    defend!,    de-  Labienus,  -i,  m.  Labienus. 

fensus,  defend,  protect.  legio,  -onis,  f.  legion.  rr/^/>'/ 

duco,     -ere,     duxi,     ductus,  mitto,  -ere,  mlsi,  missus,  send. 

lead,  conduct.  scribo,  -ere,  scripsi,  scriptus, 

dum,  conj,  while,  as  long  as.  write,  write  out. 

epistula,  -ae,  f.  letter.  si,  conj.  if,  whether. 

gero,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  bear,  uxor,  -oris,  f.  wife. 

carry  on,  wage  {war^.  vinco,  -ere,  vici,  victua,  con- 

luvenis,  -e,  young  (207).  quer,  defeat. 


224.  I .  Defendite,  O  cives,  banc  pulcherrimam  urbem. 
2.  Diligentissime  earn  defendere"  debetis.  3.  Si  acriter 
pugnabitis,  uxores  liberosque  defendetis.  4.  Si  Caesar 
est  in  urbe,  facillime  defendetur.      5.  Is  semper  hostis 

1  The  present  imperative  second  singular  is  due  for  duce. 


READING  LESSON.  87 

vincit.  6.  Caesar  sex  legiones  in  ulteriorem  Galliam 
mittit.  7.  Bellum  cum  Gallis  ibi  gerebatur.  8.  Eae 
legiones  quas  Caesar  mittit  a  Labieno  ducuntur.  9.  Ea 
aestate,  dum  Caesar  bellum  gerit^  in  ulteriore  Gallia, 
Pompeius  Romae  fuit.  10.  Fuitne  Pompeius  imperator 
melior  quam  Caesar  ? 

225.    I .  The  town  will  be  defended  by  the  most  skillful 
generals.     2.  At  this  time  many  lands  are  ruled  by  kings. 

3.  Boys   and   girls,  write    letters   to    all   your^  friends. 

4.  You  ought  to  write  them  with  great  care.  5.  Who 
of  our  generals  will  lead  the  legions  into  battle  ?  6.  If 
Caesar  leads'*  them,  they  will  fight  with  the  greatest 
courage.  7.  Send  all  the  elders  into  the  citadel.  8.  The 
younger  men,  whose  valor  is  great,  will  defend  the  city. 


LESSON  XXXVI. 

226.  Reading    Lesson. 

Cornelia's  Jewels. 

Tiberius  Gracchus  et  Gains  Gracchus  erant  filii  Cor- 
neliae,  Scipionis  African!  filiae.  li  pueri  bonis  artibus 
floruerunt.  A  matre  educati  sunt  et  ab  *  ea  sermonis 
elegantiam  discebant,  Cornelia  erat  mulier  sapientissima. 
Cum  Campana  matrona  ornamenta  sua  ^  pretiosissima  ei  ^ 
ostendebat,  Cornelia  duos  ^  filios  vocavit.  "  Haec,  inquit, 
"  sunt  mea  ornamenta."  \  c^\y^ 


^  Was  carrying  on  ;  the  pres- 

2 Omit. 

^  Her  (own), 

ent  indicative  with  dum  is  often 

3  Shall  lead. 

^  Feminine. 

used  of  a  past  act. 

*  From. 

'  Two. 

ss 


READING  LESSON. 


221,  I.  Cornelia  had  two  sons.  2.  The  elder  was 
called  Tiberius,^  the  younger  Caius.^  3.  They  were  boys 
of  very  good  qualities.^  4.  For  their  mother  faithfully 
educated  them.  5.  Elegance  of  speech  is  a  great  orna- 
ment to  boys.  6.  If  boys  are  well  trained,  they  learn  to 
obey  their  elders.*  7.  Ladies  always  like^  to  display 
jewels,  if  they  have  them.  8.  What  precious  jewels  did 
Cornelia  display .? 


228. 

ars,  artis,  f.  (arti-)  art^ 

in  plu.,  qualities. 
cum,  conj.  when^  while. 

disco,  -ere,  didici, , 

educo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus, 

educate. 
floreo,  -ere,  flonii, 

ish.,  be  conspicuous. 

tinguished. 
libenter,  adv.  gladly. 


Vocabulary. 

skill  J      mater,  -tris,  f.  7nother. 

matrona,  -ae,  f.  matron^  lady. 
mulier,  mulieris,  f.  woman, 
learn.       omamentum,  -i,  n.  ornament^ 
train.,         jewel. 

ostendo,   -ere,   ostendi,    os- 
,  flour-  tentuB,  show.,  display, 

be  dis-      pretiosuB,  -a,  -um,  precious. 
sermo,  -oniB,  m.  speech,  con- 
versation. 


1  See  37. 

2  Note  that  the  Latin  Gaius 
is  Caius  in  English. 

8  See  140. 


*  Their  elders  =  older  (men) ; 
dative. 

^  Like  to  display  =  gladly 
display. 


Navis  Longa. 


FOURTH  DECLENSION.  89 


LESSON  XXXVII. 
Fourth   Declension. 

The  Stem  ends  in  u. 

229.  Gender.  —  Nouns  of  the  fourth  declension 
in  -us  are  masculine,  those  in  -u  are  neuter>  except 
so  far  as  13,  2  is  applicable. 

a.  Domus,  house,  idus,  the  Ides,  manus,  hand,  and  a  few 
others,  are  feminine.  '^o     ^j. 

230.  Paradigms. 


gradus,  m. 

step. 

comii,  n.  horn. 

Stem 

,  gradu- 

Stem,  comu- 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR.                    PLURAL. 

N. 

gradus 

gradus 

cornii               cornua 

G. 

gradus 

graduum 

cornus             cornuum 

D. 

gradui,  -u 

gradibus 

cornu               cornibus 

Ac. 

gradum 

gradus 

cornu               cornua 

Ab. 

gradu 

gradibus 

cornu               cornibus 

^ 


231.  Artus,  j'oznt,  portus,  harbor,  and  a  few  other  nouns, 
together  with  dissyllables  in  -cus,  have  the  dative  and  ablative 
plural  in  -ubus :  portubus,  arcubus,  with  bows. 

232.  Domus,  house,  has  also  forms  of  the  second  declen- 
sion.    See  499.     Domi  is  used  only  as  a  locative. 

233.  Decline  together  magnus  exercitus,  large  army; 
mea  manus,  my  hand;  longum  cornu,  long  horn. 


90  FOURTH  DECLENSION. 

234.  Vocabulary. 

cornu,  -us,  n.  horn;  wing  {of  manus,    -us,   f.   hand ;    band^ 

an  army)  ;  p.  1 30.  force. 

dexter,  -era,   -erum   (oftener  peditatus,  -us,  m.  infantry. 

-tra,  -trum),  right.  portus,  -us,  m.  harbor. 

domus,  -i,  f.  house,  home  {^99).  prope,  prep,  with  ace,  near. 

elephantus,  -i,  m.  elephant.  sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  left. 

equitatus,  -us,  m.  cavalry.  teneo.    -ere,     tenui,    tentus, 
ezercitus,  -us,  m.  army.  hold,  keep. 


235.  I.  Mea^  manu  has  epistulas  maxima  cum  cura 
scribam.  2.  Multi  Romanorum  artem  belli  pueri  didi- 
cerunt.  3.  Corinthi  erant  duo^  portus.  4.  In  quibus 
portubus  erant  plurimae  naves.  5.  Dextrum  exercitus 
cornu  fortissime  pugnavit.  6.  Caesar  exercitum  in  proxi- 
mum  oppidum  ducit.  7.  Subito  peditatus  hostium  in' 
eius  legiones  mittitur.  8.  Exercitus  Gallorum  equitatu 
florebant.  9.  Bellum  ab  eis  equitatu*  peditatuque  gere- 
batur.  10.  Scipionis  equitatus  territus  est  elephantis 
Hannibalis. 

236.  I.  The  general  with  all  the  cavalry  held  the 
right  wing  of  the  army.  2.  At  home  and  in  the  field 
we  ought  to  learn  prudence.  3.  Many  animals  fight 
with  their*  horns.  4.  Bands  of  the  enemy  were  seen 
near  the  house  of  Marcus.  5.  And  in  the  further  part 
of  the  harbor  they  saw  a  rather  *  large  ship.  6.  Marcus 
holds  his^  sword  in  his  right  hand.  7.  And  with  it^  he 
will  defend  his  wife  and  children.  8.  In  his  left  hand 
he  carries  a  shield. 

1  My  own.  *  Against.  ^  Omit.  ^  See  194,  c. 

2  Two.  *  See  84.  '  And  with  it  =  with  which. 


THJRD    CONJUGATION.  91 

LESSON  XXXVIII. 

Third  Conjugation.  —  Continued. 

Ablative  of  Accompaniment. 

237.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect 
indicative,  and  the  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of 
reg5  (513). 

a.  Compare  these  forms  with  the  same  tenses  of  amo  and 
moned.  

238.  I.  Rexit,  rexerat,  rexerit.  2.  Rectus  est,  rectus 
erat,  rectus  erit.  3.  Rexerunt,  rexerant,  rexerint.  4.  Rexi, 
recta  sum.  5.  Rexistis,  rectae  estis.  6.  Rexerimus, 
rectae  erimus.  7.  Reximus,  recti  sumus.  8.  Rexisse, 
rectus  esse.  9.  Rexi,  rexeram,  rexero.  10.  Rectus 
sum,  rectus  eram,  rectus  ero. 

239.  I.  He  has  led,  he  has  been  led.  2.  He  had 
led,  he  had  been  led.  3.  You  will  have  led,  you  will 
have  been  led.  4.  They  have  sent,  they  have  been 
sent.  5.  He  led,  he  was  led.  6.  We  had  sent,  we 
had  been  sent.  7.  You  wrote,  you  led,  you  sent. 
8.  To  have  led,  to  have  sent.  9.  To  have  been  led, 
to  have  been  sent. 

240.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Caesar  Labienum  in  Galliam  cum  ezercitu  misit,  Caesar 
sent  Labienus  into  Gaul  with  an  army. 

2.  Domi  cum  liberis  manaimus,  we  stayed  at  home  with 
our  children. 


92  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

241.  Rule.  —  Accompaniment  is  expressed  hy 
the  ablative  with  cum. 

a.  If  the  ablative  is  modified  by  an  adjective,  cum  is  some- 
times omitted  :  magno  exercitii,  with  a  large  army.  See 
ablative  of  manner  (92,  93). 

242.  Vocabulary. 

caedes,  -is,  f.  (caedi-),  slaugh-  locus,    -i,    m.    (pi.    loci    and 

ter,  carnage.  loca)  place.,  position. 

discedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  pono,    -ere,    posui,    positus, 

depart,  withdraw.  place.,  put;  pitch  {camp). 

inter,  prep.  w.  ace,  between,  puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  think, 

among,  amid.  reckon,  believe. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus,  read.  Rhenus,  -i,  m.  the  Rhine. 
senatus,  -us,  m.  senate. 

trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across,  the  other  side  of,  beyond. 


'  243.  I.  Epistulas  legi  quas  scripsisti.  2.  Oppidum 
positum  est^  inter  flumen  Rhenum  et  montem.  3.  Con- 
sul urbem  Romam  defendit.  4.  Unus  ^  ducum  magnum 
exercitum  in  Galliam  duxerat.  5.  Scipio  in  Hispaniam 
cum  sex  legionibus  missus  erat.  6.  Bellum  in  Italia  ab 
Hannibale  gestum  est.  7.  Saepissime  exercitus  Romanes 
vicit  Hannibal.  8.  Dux  castra  prope  portum  posuit. 
9.  Hostes  pila  e  loco  superiore  miserunt.  10.  Dum 
haec  in  dextro  cornu  geruntur,*  sinistrum*  fugatum 
est.  II.  Quo^  plures  erant  hostes,  eo^  maioj  caedes 
fuit.  12.  Virtutem  militi  putamus  optimum  esse  orna- 
mentum. 

^  positum  est  =  is  situated.  *  Supply  cornu. 

^  One.  6  Qu5  .  .  .  eo,  by  which  .  .  .  by 

«  See  p.  87,  n.  I.  that  =  the  .  .  .  the.     See  210. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


93 


244.    I.  Caesar  wrote    many  letters   to^  the   senate. 

2.  And  these  ^  letters  were  read  by  the  chief  of  the  senate. 

3.  Labierius  hastened  with  all  the  infantry  towards  the 
river.  4.  He  pitched  his  camp  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river.  5.  Large  bands  of  the  enemy  were  seen  in  many 
places.  6.  They  had  withdrawn  from  ^  the  place  in  which 
the  camp  had  been  pitched.  7.  At  daybreak  several* 
soldiers  departed  from  the  camp.  8.  If  the  army  is 
destroyed,^  the  citizens  will  mourn. 

lad.       ^  And  these  ^=^  which.        ^ex.        *  aliquot.        *  Future. 


Templum. 


94         PERSONAL  AND  REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS, 

LESSON   XXXIX. 
Personal  and  Reflexive  Pronouns. 

Personal  Pronouns. 
245.  Paradigms. 

First  Person. 
Ego,  /. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

N.  ego,  /.  nos,  we. 

G.  mei,  of  me.  nostrum,  or  nostri,  of  us. 

D.  mihi,  (mi),  to  ox  for  me.  nobis,  to  ox  for  us. 

Ac.  me,  rne.  nos,  us. 

Ab.  (a)  me,  by  me.  (a)  nobis,  by  us. 

Second  Person. 

Tu,  thou. 

N.     tu,  thou  (you).  vos,  you,  ye. 

G.     tui,  of  thee  (you).  vestrum,  or  vestri,  of  you. 

D.     tibi,  to  ox  for  thee  (you),  vobis,  to  ox  for  you. 

Ac.  te,  thee  (yoft).  vos,  you. 

Ab.  (a)  te,  by  thee  (you).  (a)  vobis,  by  you. 


N. 


Third  Person  (Reflexive). 
Sui,  of  himself  etc. 


G.     sui,   of  himself  herself      sui,  of  themselves. 

itself 
D.     sibi,  to  ox  for  himself  etc.      sibi,  to  ox  for  themselves. 
Ac.  si  (sese),  himself  etc.  se  (sese),  themselves. 

Ab.  (a)    se    (sese),   by   him-      (a)  se  (sese),  by  themselves. 

self  etc. 
a.    The   personal  pronoun  of   the   third  person,  when  not 
reflexive,  is  supplied  by  the  demonstrative  is,  ea,  id,  and  some- 
times by  hie  and  ille.     See  100,  /,  and  119,  c. 


POSSESSIVE   ADJECTIVES.  95 

246.  Model  Sefitences. 

1 .  Ego  sum  tristis,  tu  es  laetus,  /  ajn  sady  you  are  glad. 

2.  Omnes  homines  se  (or  sese)  amant,  all  men  love  them- 
selves. 

3.  Quia  vestrum  se  non  amat  ?  who  of  you  does  not  love 
himself? 

4.  Filius  mecum  domi  Romae  manet,  tny  son  stays  at 
home  with  me  at  Rome. 

a.  Observe  in  i  that  the  subjects  ego  and  tu  are  expressed. 
In  general,  nominatives  of  personal  pronouns  are  not  expressed  ; 
when  they  are  used,  it  is  for  emphasis  or  contrast. 

b.  The  reflexive  pronoun  refers  to  the  subject  of  the  clause 
in  which  ft  stands,  as  in  2. 

c.  The  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons 
are  often  used  with  reflexive  sense  :  tu  te  amas^  thou  lovest 
thyself  J  omnes  nos  amamus,  we  all  love  ourselves. 

d.  The  forms  nostrum  and  vestrum  are  chiefly  used  in  the 
partitive  sense.     See  202. 

e.  The  preposition  cum  with  the  ablative  of  personal  pro- 
nouns is  appended  to  them  :  mecum,  with  me;  tecum,  with 
thee^  etc.  So  also  with  relatives  and  interrogatives  :  quibus- 
cum,  with  whom. 

Possessive  Adjectives. 

247.  The  possessive  adjectives  are  formed  from  the  stems 
of  personal  pronouns.     They  are  sometimes  used  as  pronouns. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine  (voc.  suus,  -a;  -um  (reflexive),  his^ 
sing,  masc,  mi).  her,  hers,  its,  their,  theirs. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  thy,  thine;  your,  noster,  -tra,  -tnimi,  our,  ours, 

yours.  vester,  -tra,  -tvom., your,  yours. 

a.  When  your,  yours  refers  to  one  person,  use  tuus ;  when 
to  more  than  one,  use  Tester. 


96         PERSONAL   AND   REFLEXIVE  .PRONOUNS. 

248.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Ego  qui  haec  scribo  sum  tuus  amicus,  /  who  write 
this  am  your  friend. 

2.  Tu  qui  haec  scribis  es  meus  amicus,  you  who  write 
this  are  my  friend. 

a.  Observe  that  the  relative  does  not  change  to  conform  to 
the  person  of  the  antecedent,  and  that  the  verb  of  the  relative 
clause  is  in  the  same  person  as  the  antecedent. 

3.  Hie  est  eius  liber,  this  is  his  book. 

4.  Iiibrum  suum  amico  dat,  he  gives  his  {own)  book  to  a 
friend. 

b.  Notice  the  difference  between  eius,  his^  and  suum,  his^ 
the  latter  referring  back  to  the  subject  (reflexive  like  se).  In 
Exercise  129  "his"  occurs  in  2,  5,  6,  and  7.  If  translated 
into  Latin,  in  which  two  would  it  be  expressed  by  eius,  and  in 
which  by  suus  ? 

249.  Vocabulary. 

bene,  adv.  well.  laus,  laudis,  f.  praise.,  glory. 

conserve,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,  tristis,  -e,  sad.,  gloomy. 

preserve,  save.  valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,^  be 
culpa,  -ae,  f .  blame.,  fault.  strong.,  be  in  good  health. 


250.  I.  Ego  vos  video,  vos  me  videtis.  2.  Putatisne 
me  tristem  esse'^.?  3.  Ego  non  sum  tristis,  sed  vos 
mihi  tristissimae  esse  videmini.'  4.  Ego  et  tu*  Corne- 
liae    ornamenta    nostra    ostendemus.       5.    lllane    nobis 

1  In    the    principal    parts    of  "^  Me  to  be  sad  ^=  that  I  am  sad. 

verbs  invariably  intransitive,  the  ^  T^e  passive  of  video  often 

future  active  participle  is  given  means  seem. 

instead  of  the  perfect  passive.  *  Ego  et  tu  =you  and  l. 


PERSONAL  AND  REFLEXIVE  PRONOUNS. 


97 


ostendet  ornamenta  sua  ?  6.  Si  tu  et  frater  tuus  vale- 
tis,  bene  est.  7.  Estne  Marcus  maior  natu  fratre  suo  ? 
8.  Nos  qui  te  laudamus  illos  culpamus.  9.  Tibi  laus, 
illis  erit  culpa.  10.  Conservate  vos,^  uxores,  liberos, 
fortunasque  vestras.  11.  Caesar  omnes  equites  secum 
habuit.     12.  Libri  quos  nos  legimus  sunt  optimi. 

251.  I.  If  your  father  is  in  good  health,  it  is  well. 
2.  You  and  I  ^  are  in  good  health.  3.  I  have  put  my 
fortunes  into  your  hands.  4.  Preserve  them  diligently 
for  me  and  my  children.  5.  You  whcJ  'find  fault  with 
us  praise  them.  6.^  My  life  is  dear  to  me,  yours  to 
you.  7.  While  you  were  laughing,  we  were  mourning. 
8.  Cornelia  saw  her  jewels,  but  praised  her  own.  9.  What 
helmets  (^galeae)  are  handsomer  than  the  Romans'? 


1  See  246,  c. 

2  You  and  J=we,  hence  the 
verb  is  first  person  plural.  Cf. 
250,  4 


3  In  this  order :  to  me  my 
life,  to  you  yours  is  dear.  Cf. 
250,  9. 


Galeae. 


98     SUBJUJVCTIVE  OF  PURPOSE  WITH  UT  AND  M£, 

LESSON  XL. 
Subjunctive  of  Purpose  with  ut  and  ne. 

252.  Learn  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive  of  sum 
(516),  and  of  the  active  and  passive  of  am5  (511)  and  moneo  (512). 

a.  In  the  same  way  inflect  the  present  and  imperfect  sub- 
iunctive  of  culpo,  blaine^  iuvo,  help,  moveo,  move,  deleo,  destroy, 
and  iubeo,  bid,  order. 

253.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Se  armant  ut  pugnent,  they  arm  themselves  that  they 
may  fight,  in  order  that  they  may  fight,  in  order  to  fight,  to 
fight,  for  the  purpose  of  fighting. 

2.  Se  armabant  ut  pugnarent,  they  armed  themselves  that 
they  might  fight,  to  fight,  etc. 

3.  Gives  pugnant  ne  oppidum  deleatur,  the  citizens  fight 
that  the  town  may  not  be  destroyed,  lest  the  town  be  destroyed. 

4.  Servi  laborabant  ne  culparentur,  the  slaves  were  toil- 
ing, lest  they  should  be  blamed,  so  that  they  might  not  be 
blamed. 

a.  Observe  that  the  subordinate  clauses  express  the  purpose 
or  motive  of  the  subjects  of  the  principal  clauses,  ut  introducing 
a  positive  and  ne  a  negative  purpose. 

b.  Observe  that  the  verbs  in  the  purpose  clauses  are  in  the 
subjunctive,  and  that  the  tense  depends  upon  the  tense  of 
the  principal  clause,  the  present  (pugnent,  deleatur)  following 
the  present  (also  the  future),  and  the  imperfect  (pugnarent, 
culparentur)  following  a  past  tense. 

c.  Notice  the  various  ways  of  translating  ut. 

d.  Purpose  clauses  are  often  calledy?«rt/  clauses, 

254.  Rule.  ^T/ie  subjunctive  is  used  with  ut 
and  ne  to  express  purpose. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  PURPOSE   WITH  UT  AND  NE.     99  Ct  K 

a.  The  infinitive  is  not  to  be  used  in  Latin,  as  it  is  in 
English,  to  express  purpose,  but  the  Latin  purpose  clause  may 
often  be  translatoil  by  the  English  infinitive. 


255.  I.    Eum  misit  ut, — 

oppugnaret,  deleret,  occuparet,  teneret,  conservaret. 

2.  Nos  mittit  ut, — 

pugnemus,  deleamus,  necemus,  terreamus,  culpemus. 

3.  Mittuntur  ut,  — 

oppugnent,  deleant,  occupent,  teneant,  obsides  sint. 

4.  Missi  sunt  ne  oppidum,  — 

oppugnaretur,  deleretur,  occuparetur,  teneretur. 

5.  Te  mittam  ut, — 

ornes,  praebeas,  aedifices,  moneas,  rideas,  laudes. 

6.  Vos  moneo  ut,  — 

ametis,  moveatis,  laudetis,  placeatis,  fortes  sitis. 

7.  Eum  monuit  ne,  — 

ornaret,  moveret,  culparet,  piger  esset. 

8.  Monetur  ne,  — 

superetur,  moveatur,  occupetur,  teneatur,  sit  piger. 

256.  I .    I  was  sent,  — 

to  besiege,  to  destroy,  to  seize,  to  hold,  to  overcome. 

2.  They  will  send  him,  — 

to  fight,  to  destroy,  to  kill,  to  frighten,  to  furnish. 

3.  You  were  sent  for  the  purpose  of, — 

toiling,  pleasing,  ploughing,  furnishing,  filling. 

4.  They  were  sent  that  the  city  might  not  be,  — 

besieged,  destroyed,  seized,  held,  taken  by  storm. 

5.  He  advises  us, — 

to  love,  to  move,  to  praise,  to  laugh,  to  be  prudent. 

6.  We  advised  him  not  to  be,  — 

surpassed,  moved,  seized,  frightened,  a  soldier. 


100  FIFTH  DECLENSION. 

LESSON  XLL 
Fifth    Declension. 

The  Stem  ends  in  e. 

Accusative  of  Extent. 

257.  Gender.  —  Nouns  of  the  fifth  declension 
are  feminine,  except  dies,  day,  which  is  commonly 
masculine  in  the  singular,  and  always  in  the  plural. 


258. 

Paradigms. 

dies,  day. 

res, 

thing. 

Stem,  die- 

re- 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR.         PLURAL. 

N.V.  dies 

dies 

res 

res 

G.       diei 

diemm 

rei 

rerum 

D.       diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Ac.     diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Ab.     die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

a.  Only  dies  and  res  are  complete  in  the  plural.  A  few 
other  nouns  have  nominative  and  accusative  plural. 

259.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Deoem  annos  Troia  oppugnabatur,  Troy  was  besieged 
for  ten  years. 

2.  Arx  alta  est  centum  pedes,  the  citadel  is  a  hundred 
feet  high. 

a.  The  accusative  annos  denotes  duration  or  extent  of  time, 
pedes,  extent  of  space.  The  accusative,  then,  is  used  to  answer 
the  question  ^^«/  long?  ox  how  far?  (in  time  or  space),  and 
may  be  called  the  Accusative  of  Extent. 


FIFTH  DECLENSION.  101 

260.  Rule.  —  Extent   of  time   cr   space   is   ex- 
pressed hy  the  accusative. 

261.  Vocabulary. 

acies,  -ei,  f.  line  of  battle.  miUe    passuvun,   a   thousand 

circum,  prep.  w.  ace,  around.  {of)  paces,  viile. 

de,  prep.  w.  2Lh\.,from,  about,  ne,  conj.  lest,  that  not. 

concerning.  passus,  -us,  m.  pace,  step. 

dies,  -ei,  m.  day.  planities,  -ei,  f.  plain. 

instruo,   -ere,   -striixi,   -stru-  posterns,  -a,  -um,  following^ 

ctus,   draw  up,  form,  ar-  next,  coming  after. 

range,  instruct.  reliiiquo,  -ere,  reliqui,  relic- 
iubeo,  -ere,  iussi,  iiissus,  bid,  tus,  leave,  abaftdon. 

order,  command.  res,  rei,  f.  thing,  circumstance, 
mille  (indecl.  in    sing.) ;  plu.  affair. 

milia,  milium,  thousand.  ut,  conj.  that,  in  orde/  that. 


262.  I.  Caesar  castra  in  magna  planitie  posuit. 
2.  Haec  planities  erat  duo  ^  milia  passuum  lata.  3.  Ibi 
aciem  instruxit.  4.  Sex  horas  equitatus  peditatusque 
in  acie  manserunt.  5.  Sed  hostes  nocte  discesserant. 
6.  Postero  die  discessit  Caesar  ex  illo  loco.  7.  Labie- 
num  cum  parva  manu  reliquit  ut  castra  servaret. 
8.  Multos  dies  exercitus  sine  frumento  erat.  9.  Et 
res  erant  in  angusto.^  10.  Labienus  igitur  nuntium  de 
hac  re  ad  Caesarem  misit. 

263.  I.  The  eixemy's  cavalry  saw  a  broad  plain  near 
the  hill.  2.  What  did  they  see  in  this  plain?  3.  They 
saw  the  line  of  battle  of  the  Romans.  4.  And  they  were 
greatly  alarmed  at  this  circumstance.  5.  But  on  the 
next  day  the  plain  was  abandoned.     6.  The  Romans  had 

1  Two.  *  Adjective  used  as  noun  ;  a  strait. 


.102  ;         COLLOQUIUM, 

withdrawn  from  the  plain  in  order  to  save  a  town  which 
was  near  l)y.^  7.  Aiound  the  town  was  a  wall  twenty  feet 
high.     8.   For  many  hours  the  enemy  assaulted  this  wall. 

264.  Colloquium. 

Praeceptor  et  Discipulus. 
F.    Omnium  declinationum  quae  est  difficillima .? 

/J  which 

D.  Tertia  mihi  videtur  difficillima. 
F.    Quare  ita  censes  'i 

why       .  think 

D.  Varietatis  causa  terminationum  in  nominativo  singu- 

variety     on  account 

lari.     Genus  quoque  est  mihi  molestissimum,  praesertim 

gender  troublesome  especially 

nominum  in  is  desinentium. 

nouns  ending 

F.    Tenesne  memoria  quae  nomina  pluralem  genetivum 
in  ium  habeant  t 

D.   Primum  nomina  in  is  et  es  desinentia,  si  in  gene- 
first 
tivo  singular!  non  crescunt;  ut  hostis  et  nubes. 

increase  as 

Deinde  monosyllaba  in  s  vel  x  desinentia,  si  ante  s  et 

then 

X  Stat  consonans  ;  ut  urbs  et  arx. 

stands       consonant 

.  Tum  nomina  in  ns  et  rs  desinentia  ;  ut  cliens  et  cohors. 
Denique  neutra  in  e^  al,  ar  desinentia  ;  ut  mare^  animal^ 
calcar.  "'"*"''" 

1  See  179. 


PiuA. 


THIRD   CONJUGATION.  103 

LESSON  XLII. 
Third  Conjugation. —  Verbs  in  -lo. 

Accusative  of  Place  Whither. 

Capi5,  (STEM  cape),  take. 

Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus. 

265.   Verbs  in  -io  of  the  third  conjugation  vary  in 
inflection  in  certain  tenses  from  the  model  verb  rego. 

a.  Learn  all  the  tenses  of  the  indicative,  the  present  imper- 
ative, and  the  present  and  perfect  infinitive,  active  and  passive, 

of  capio  (514). 

b.  Compare  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative  of 
capio  with  the  same  tenses  of  rego,  and  note  the  differences. 


266.  I.  Capit,  capiebat,  capiet.  2.  Capiunt,  capie- 
bant,  capient.  3.  Capior,  capiebar,  capiar.  4.  Capimus, 
capimur.  5.  Capis,  caperis.  6.  Capiebatis,  capiebamini. 
7.  Cepi,  captus  sum.  8.  Cape,  capere.  9.  Ceperamus, 
captae  eramus.      10.   Caperis,  ceperis. 

a.  In  like  manner  practice  upon  facio,  make,  and  iacio, 
throw. 

267.  I.  He  was  making,  he  was  throwing.  2.  It  was 
made,  it  was  thrown.  3.  They  make,  they  were  making, 
they  will  make.  4.  I  take,  I  am  taken.  5.  We  took,  we 
were  taken.  6.  Take  (thou),  make,^  throw.  7.  They 
will  be  taken,  they  will  be  thrown.  8.  I  shall  take,  I 
shall  be  taken.  9.  To  take,  to  be  taken.  10.  He  makes, 
he  takes,  he  throws. 

1  Fac  for  face.     Cf.  p.  86,  n.  i. 


104  THIRD   CONJUGATION. 

268.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Caesar  ad  urbem  properavit,  Caesar  hastened  to  the 
city. 

2.  Caesar  Romam  properavit,  Caesar  hastened  to  Rome. 

3-  Exercitum  in  Graeciam  misit,  he  sent  an  artny  into 
Greece. 

4-  Exercitum  Athenas  misit,  he  sent  an  army  to  Athens. 

a.  Observe  in  i  and  3  that  the  place  whither  is  expressed 
by  the  accusative  with  a  preposition,  while  in  2  and  4  there  is 
no  preposition. 

269.  Rule.  —  J^ames  of  towns  used  to  express 
place  whither  a,re  put  in  the  accusative  without 
a  preposition.      oUu3o  o\    i/wd-    (ft  .yv^^.ArU>0^>v 

a.  The  accusatives  of  domus,  home,  and  rus,  country,  are 
used  like  names  of  towns. 

270.  Vocabulary. 

Hereafter  derivations  will  be  indicated  in  the  vocabularies. 
English  derivatives  will  be  indicated  in  this  type.     See  342. 

capio,  -ere,  cepi,  captus,  /  ike,  legatus,    -i,     m.    ambassador, 

capture.  lieutenant j  deputy. 

cupio,   -eire,  cupivi,  cupitus,  nemo, -ini  (dat),  m.  [ne-homo] 

desire,  wish.  (no  gen.  or  abl.)  no  one. 

decem  (indecl.),  ten.  pax,  pacis,  f.  peace. 

facio,   -ere,    feci,    factus,    do,  prqelium,  -i,  n.  battle. 

make.  re-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 

fugio,    -ere,    fugi,    ,  Jlee,  [capio],  take  back,  receive, 

run  away.  recover, 

itaqvie,  con'],  and  so,  therefore.  se    (me, -te,    etc.)    recipere, 

iacio,  -ere,  ieci,  iactus,  thfow,  withdraw,   retreat,    betake 

hurl.  one's  self. 


THIRD    CONJUGATION. 


105 


271.  I.  A  Gallis  Romam  missi  sunt  legati.  2.  Legati 
quos  Galli  miserant  a  senatu  in  templo  recepti  sunt. 
3.  Pacem  cum  Romanis  facere  cupiebant,  qui  eos  proelio' 
vicerant.  4.  Captivos  quoque,  quos  Roman!  ceperant, 
recipere  cuplverunt.  5.  Decem  dies  Romae  manebant. 
6.  Sed  Romani  cum  eis  pacem  non  fecerunt.  7.  Nam 
eos  et  omnia  bona  ^  delere  cupiverunt.  8.  Itaque  legati 
in  Galliam,  suam  patriam,  se  receperunt.  9.  Quibuscum 
bellum  gesserunt  Galli  ?     Cum  Romanis. 

272.  I.  I  wish  to  hurl  a  javelin.  2.  That  is  easy; 
take  the  javelin  in  ^  your  right  hand.  3.  Yours*  is  too* 
long  ;  take  mine,  which  is  a  foot  shorter.  4.  Why  are 
you  running  away  ?  5.  Because  the  thing  is  too  difficult 
for  me.  6.  Shall  you  flee  home  ?  7.  I  shall  betake 
myself  to  yonder  ^  forest,  where  nobody  will  see  me. 
8.  Shall  you  leave  me  without  a  comrade  ?  9.  The  fault 
is  yours  ;  you  have  been  laughing,  ® 


1  Goods, possessions ;  adjective 
as  noun.  ^  Jnto. 

3  Agrees  with  pilum  under- 
stood. 


4  See  194,  c.     &  See  100,  c. 

^  Have  been  laughing  =  have 
laughed. 


SiGNA. 


106  ^  rv.        READING  LESSON. 

LESSON    XLIII. 

273.  Beading  Lesson. 

A  Battle. 

Eo  die  Caesar  ex  castris  exercitum  eduxit,  et  iter  ad 
flumen  fecit.     Quae  res  tamen  hostibus  nota  est,  quorum 
peditatus  a  nostris  ^   in   summo  ^  coUe   videbatur.     Turn 
Caesar  in  dextro  et  sinistro  cornu  equites  conlocavit  ut 
peditatum  iuvarent,  et  militum  suorum  animos  ad  pugnam    " 
ita  incitavit :  "  Milites,  omnis  rei  publicae  spes  in  nostra  - 
virtute  posita  est.     Audaces  fortuna  iuvat ;   fortibus  erif ^ 
victoria."   .If!i  acriter  in  nostram   aciem  impetum  fece- 
runt,  sed  neque  eorum  pila  neque  magni  clamores  nos- 
tros  ^  terruerunt.     Brevi  tempore  ex^  omnibus   partibus 
hostis  vicerunt,  qui  trans  flumen  fugerunt.     Dux   eorum 
captus  *  et  Romam  missus  est. 

274.  I.  On  the  next  day  bands  of  horsemen  were 
seen  near  the  hill.  2.  Our  line  of  battle  was  drawn  up 
by  Caesar.  3.  Meanwhile  their  ^  leader  had  aroused 
their  minds  so  that  they  might  not  fear  the  attack  of 
the  Romans.  4.  "  Soldiers,"  said  he,  "  you  see  those 
Romans  yonder  on  the  plain.  5.  They  are  brave  men, 
but  are  not  we  much  braver .?  6.  You  will  fight  for 
your  country,  which  they  are  trying  to  destroy  ;  for  your 
children,  whom  they  wish  to  capture.  7.  Make  your 
attack  upon  their  left  wing  ;  put  that  to  flight,  and  victory 
will  be  yours.*  8.  Then  depart  to  your  homes,'  where 
you  shall  receive  the  rewards  of  victory." 

^  Our  {men).  *  Est  is  often  omitted  with  compound  tenses. 

2  The  top  of.  ^  Eorum  or  suus  ? 

«  In.  «  To  you.  .  '  See  269,  a. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  OF  RESULT,                      107 

275  Vocabulary. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.  shout,  cry.  ne-que,  conj.  neither,     neque 

con-loco    (col-)     -are,     -avi,  .  .  .  neque,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 

-atus,  place,  station.  nosco,  -ere,  novi,  notus,  learn, 

e-duco,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  Jind  out.     Perf .  know. 

lead  out,  lead  forth.  praemium,  -i,  n.  reward. 

impetus,    -us,    m.   attack,  as-  publicus,  -a,  -um,  public. 

sault.  res  publica,   rei  publicae,  f. 

incito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  arouse,  republic,  commonwealth. 

excite,  incite.  spes,  spei,  f.  hope. 

ita,  adv.  so,  thus.  tamen,  adv.  nevertheless,  yet. 


LESSON   XLIV. 
Subjunctive  of  Result  with  ut  and  ut  non. 

276.  Learn  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  active 
and  passive,  of  rego  (513)  and  capio  (514). 

277.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Hostes  ita  terrentur  ut  fugiant,  the  enemy  are  so  fright- 
ened that  they  fee. 

2.  Hostes  ita  terrebantur  ut  fugerent,  the  enemy  were  so 
frightened  that  they  fled. 

3.  Is  miles  tam  fortis  erat  ut  a  duce  laudaretur,  that 
soldier  was  so  brave  that  he  was  praised  by  the  general. 

4.  Is  puer  tam  malus  est  ut  a  magistro  non  laudetur, 
that  boy  is  so  bad  that  he  is  not  praised  by  the  teacher. 

a.  Observe  that  the  dependent  clauses  express  a  result,  and 
that  a  negative  result  is  introduced  by  ut  non.  Compare  these 
model  sentences  with  those  illustrating  purpose  (253),  and 
observe  that  a  negative  purpose  is  introduced  by  ne. 

b.  Result  clauses  with  the  perfect  subjunctive  will  be  treated 
later. 


W  tnJ^  U^M^^^^^j^cL  'icJiix^  hj^^jAAX- 


108  SUBJUNCTIVE   OF  RESULT, 

278.  Rule.  —  The  subjunctive  is  used  with  ut 
and  ut  non  to  expires s  result. 

279.  I.  Accidit  ut, — 

ostendam,  ducatur,  capias,  capiatur,  cupiantur. 

2.  Accidit  ut, — 

cupiamus,  capiantur,  ducatis,  mittantur,  faciam. 

3.  Accidit  (perf.)  ut  non,  — 

vinceremus,  mitteretis,  defenderet,  ponerentur. 

4.  Accidit  (perf.)  ut  non,  — 

faceretis,  fugeretis,  mitteretur,  vincerentur. 

280.  I.  It  happens  that, —   ^-^C- :-^jhx    ^^'•' 

I  take,  I  lead,  he  sends,  he  departs,  they  display. 

2.  It  happens  that,  — 

we    learn,   we   are   led,   you   are    conquered,   you 
throw. 

3.  It  happened  that,  — 

they  did  not  defend,  they^id  not  receive,  they  were 
not  led  out.        [  ^  /-^"^ 

281.  "- '       Vocabulary. 

ac-cido,  -ere,  -cidi, ,  [ad,  fluctus,  -us,  m.  wave. 

C2ido~\,  fall  upon ;  happen.  paucus,    -a,    -um    (generally 

aut,  conj.  or  J-    aut  .  .  .  aut,  plu.),/<?w,  little. 

either^  .  .  .  or.         ,     ^  regnS,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  rule, 

co-gnoaco,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gni-  reign. 

tuB  [com,  (g)no8co],  learn,  salua,  -utis,  f.  safety. 

understand.     Perf.  know.  spatium,  -i,  n.  space,  room. 

copiae,  -anun  (pi.  of  copia,  tarn,  adv.  so,  so  much. 

216),  f.  troops,  forces.  tantus,    -a,    -um,    so    great, 

dnigens,   -entia,   industrious,  such. 

diligent.  vix,     adv.      with     difficulty, 

eo,  adv.  thither,  to  that  place.  hardly. 


SUBJUNCTIVE   OF  RESULT.  109 

In  the  following  sentences  both  purpose  and  result  clauses 
'^  are  found. 

282.  I.  Is  miles  tarn  fidus  erat  ut  Romam  a  suo  duce 
mitteretur.  2.  Eo  missus  est  ut  epistulas  ad  consulem 
portaret.  3.  Quis  nostrum  est  tarn  sapiens  ut  omnia 
cognoscat  ?  4.  Pueri,  este  tam  diligentes  ut  plurima 
discatis.  5.  Recipite  vos  ^  ad  silvas  ne  ab  hostibus 
capiamini.  6.  Nos^  recepimus  tanta  celeritate*^  ut  nemo 
caperetur.  7.  In  silvis  tam  diu  manebamus  ut  hostes 
impetum  in  nos  non  facerent.  8.  Hostes  tam  defessi 
erant  ut  multos  dies  aciem  non  instru'erent.  9.  Nostri  ^ 
in  proximum  collem  se  receperunt  ne  Galli  superiorem 
locum  occuparent.  10.  Ita  acriter  pugnatum  est*  ut 
pauci  aut  nostrorum  aut  illorum  relinquerentur.  11.  Ro- 
mulus ita  a  populo  amatus  est  ut  multos  annos  regnaret. 

283.  I.  The  waves  were  of  so  great  size*  that  in  a 
short  time  the  ships  were  filled  with  water.  2.  So 
fierce  *  was  the  enemies'  attack  that  our  men  put  all  hope 
of  safety  in  flight.  3.  The  soldiers  are  neither  so  terri- 
fied as  to  flee,  nor  so  eager  as  to  make  an  attack. 
4.  Labienus,  lead  out  the  troops  from  the  camp  in  order 
to  draw  up  the  line  of  .battle.  5.  So  great  were  the 
forces  of  the  enemy  that  Labienus  departed  from  that 
place.  6.  We  all  desire  peace  in  order  that  we  may 
educate  our  children.  7.  Between  the  mountain  and  the 
river  the  space  is  so  narrow  that  the  army  makes  its  way 
with  difficulty.  8.  That  horse  is  so  spirited  that  he  is 
not  easily  led. 

^  Accusative.  *  It  was  fought  ■=  they  foughty 

2  93.  or  the  battle  was  fought. 

3  Cf.  273,  note  i.  6  140.  6  Acer. 


no 


NUMERALS. 


LESSON   XLV. 


Numerals. 

284.    Learn  th 

e  cardinals  (505)  : 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

M.  AND    F. 

NEUT. 

N. 

unus 

una 

unum 

tres 

tria 

G. 

unius 

unius 

unius 

trium 

trium 

D. 

nni 

uni 

uni 

tribus 

tribus 

Ac. 

unum 

unam 

unum 

tres 

tria 

Ab. 

uno 

una 

uno 

tribus 

tribus 

N. 

MASC. 

duo 

FEM. 

duae 

NEUT. 

duo 

^^' 

^^ 

G. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

mille 

milinm 

D. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mille 

milibus 

Ac. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

mflle 

mDia 

Ab. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mille 

milibus 

a.  In  what  respects  does  the  declension  of  iinus  vary  from 
that  of  bonus  1  Compare  the  declension  of  hie  and  ille  (100). 
Observe  that  tres  is  declined  like  the  plural  of  brevis,  163. 

b.  The  cardinal  numerals  from  quattuor  to  centum  inclusive 
are  indeclinable  :  quattuor  homines,  ybz/r  ;;/^«y  quattuor  homi- 
num,  of  four  men. 

c.  The  hundreds,  not  including  centum,  are  declined  like  the 
plural  of  bonus. 

d.  Mille  in  the  singular  is  an  indeclinable  adjective ;  in  the 
plural  it  is  a  neuter  noun,  and  is  followed  by  the  partitive 
genitive  :  mille  homines,  a  thousand  men ;  tria  milia  homi- 
num,  three  thousand  men. 

e.  In  viginti  unus,  viginti  duo,  centum  unus,  and  similar 
cases,  the  declinable  numeral  is  still  inflected,  as  when  stand- 
ing alone  :  centum  tria  proelia,  one  hundred  and  three  battles. 


NUMERALS.  Ill 

285.  I.  tJnus  collis,  unius  horae,  uni  legioni.  2.  Duo 
impetus,  cum  duabus  manibus.  3.  Tribus  portubus, 
tria  nomina,  a  tribus  rusticis.  4.  Quattuor  impetus, 
cum  quattuor  manibus.  5.  Decem  vulnera,  sexaginta 
dies.  6.  Viginti  mulieres,  cum  una  et  viginti  mulie- 
ribus.  7.  Duodetriginta  gradus,  duae  et  viginti  domus. 
8.   Centum  anni,  ducentae  matres. 

286.  I.  In  one  plain,  in  two  battles.  2.  For  seven 
lieutenants,  with  eighteen  legions.  3.  Forty-one  things, 
fifty-three  birds.  4.  Of  seventy-five  steps,  with  a  hun- 
dred and  one  steps.  5.  With  a  thousand  paces,  with 
eight  thousand  paces. 

287.  I.  Una  avis  ver  {spring)  non  facit.  2.  Romulus, 
primus  Romanorum  rex,  triginta  septem  annos  regnavit. 
3.  Flumen  centum  pedes  latum,  viginti  duos  pedes  altum 
fuit.  4.  Caesar  quinquaginta  sex  annos  vixit  (Jived). 
5.  Trium  fratrum  Marcus  natu  maximus  est.  6.  Mons 
decem  milia  pedum  altus  fuit.  7.  Filius  mens  duobus 
annis  est  minor  natu  quam  tua  filia.  8.  Tu  me  misisti 
ut  eius  nomen  cognoscerem.  9.  Eorum  quinque  milia 
fugerunt  ne  caperentur. 

288.  1.  Alexander  the  Great  reigned  only*  thirteen 
years.  2?  Cicero  lived  to  be  sixty-three  years  old. 
3.  There  were  ten  thousand  soldiers^  in  the  plain  on 
that  day.  4.  We  had  been  in  the  city  nine  hours. 
5.  We  send  him  to  do  your  task.  6.  Flee,  boys,  so  as 
not  to  be  taken  ! 

1  Omit.  2  Express  as  in  287,  4.  »  See  284,  d. 


112 


COLLOQUIUM. 


289.  Colloquium. 

Frater  et  Sororcula. 
F.    Age,  sororcula  mea,  si  tibi  placet,  ambulabimus. 

come  walk 

S.    Quo    est    tibi    in    animo,    care    frater,    ambulare? 

whither 

Nonne  in  agros  ? 

F.    Ita  est,  in  agros  et  in  umbra  silvarum. 

=  yes 

S.    Libenter  tecum  ambulo,  tamen  — 

but 

F.    Quid?    cur   tantum   dubitas,    si,    ut    dicis,   mecum 
ambulas  libenter  ?  ^"^^^*"  ^^    ^'^"^^y 

S.    Noli  me  ridere,  mi  frater.     Metuo  angues. 

don't  laugh  at  fear  snakes 

Frlgidus,    O  pueri,  fugite   hinc,   latet  anguis  in   herbd, 

cold  hence      lurks        snake  grass 

Ut  cantat  Vergilius. 

sings 

F.    N6li  metuere,  mea  sororcula.     Veni ;   repperi  ubi 
fraga       matura  sint.  ^°'"^     i  have  found 

strawberries       ripe  are 

S.    O  quam  suave !     In  me  non  iam  est  mora. 

how  delightful  no  longer 

F.    Domi  manere  est  admodum  molestum. 

downright  stupid 

S.    Ista  sunt,  neque  mihi  iam  est  in  animo. 

those  things  are  =  yes  indeed. 

F.    Ecce,  fraga  !   iam  corbulas  complebimus.     Nonne 

lo  =  here  are  now         baskets 

est  suavissimum  ? 

jolly 


Denarius. 


NUMERALS. 


113 


LESSON  XL VI. 

Numerals.—  Continued. 

Irregular  Adjectives. 

290.    Learn  the  first  twenty-one  ordinals,  and  read  the  rest. 
The  ordinals  are  declined  like  bonus.  (500.) 


291.  The  following  adjectives  have  the  ending 
-ius  in  the  genitive  singular  of  all  genders,  and  -i  in 
the  dative  ;  the  plural  is  regular  :  — 

alius,  alia,  aliud,  another.^  ^0^  ^totus,  -a,  -um,  whole,  all. 

ullus,  -a,  -um,  any. 
iinus,  -a,  -um,  one,  alone. 
uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  (of 

two)  ? 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque, 


the 


l.    -alter,     altera,     alterum, 

other  (of  two).  ], 

neuter,  neutra,  neutrum,  net-  • 
0^  ther  {of  two).  .  {no. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  no  one,  none, 
(     (^ solus,  -a,  -um,  alone^  sole.  each  {of  two),  both,   .    \^V  ^     \ 

292.  ParadigmP^^^'^  \\xyASh%/^'  ixiA'yP^ 


MASC. 

N.  alius 

G.  alius 

D.  alii 

Ac.  alium 

Ab.  alio 

>  ■ 

a.    alius  . 
alii 

alius  . 

alter  . 


FEM. 

alia 

alius 

alii 

aliam 

alia 


NEUT. 

aliud 

alius 

alii 

aliud 

alio 


MASC. 

totus 
totius 
toti 
totum 
to  to 


FEM. 

tota 

totius 

toti 

totam 

tota 


NEUT. 

totum 
totius 
toti 
totum 
to  to 


.'  alius,  one  .  .  .  another. 

.  alii,  some  .  .  .  others. 

.  aliud,  one  one  thing,  another  another, 

.  alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other. 


114  NUMERALS. 

293.  Vocabulary. 

ante  Christum  natum,  before      nobilis,  -e   [nosco],   of  high       \ 
the  birth  of  Christ  =  V>.C.  birth,  noble.  '^ 

dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictns,  say.         orbis,  -is,  m.  (orbi-),  circle:^ 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  ^zV^.'^^^^-^a     orbis  ihrranmi,  the  world. 
familia,  -ae,  f.  household.  sempiternus,   -a,    -um    [sem- 

ingenium,  -i,  n.  genius.  per],  everlasting. 

Vergilius,  -i,  m.  Vergil. 


voluptas,  -atis,  f .  [volo],  pleasure. 


iyW^^ 


\jf-^^\  ^ 


294.  I.  Roma  duos  homines  summi  ingeni,  alterum 
vU,  ^  imperatorem,  alterum  p^etam,  habuit.  2.  AltefTus  fami- 
K-.-.  '.  ^Xc  ^i^  n5bilis,   alterius  rustica  ^  fuit.      3.    Nulli   imperatori, 

nOlli  poetae,  maior  laus  est  data  quam  illis.  4.  Caesar 
victor  fuit  totius  Galliae.  5.  Vergilius  toti  orbi  terrarum 
voluptatem  dedit.  6.  Utri  fuit  melior  fortuna?  7.  Natus 
est^  Caesar  centesimo  anno  ante  Christum  natum. 
8.  Natus  est  Vergilius  anno  septuagesimo  ante  Christum 
natum.  9.  Neutrius  fuit  vita  longissima,  sed  utriusque 
erit  laus  sempiterna.  10.  De  illis  hominibus  alius  aliud 
dicet,  nos  utrumque  laudamus. 
\-     /"  -  >^ 

295.  I.  On  the  second  day  the  camp  was  moved. 
2.  By  the  bravery  of  the  tenth  legion  alone  the  whole 
army  was  saved.  3.  We  shall  remain  three  days  at  Rome, 
the  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth.  4.  But  on  the  ninth 
day  we  shall  hasten  without  any  delay  to  the  mountains. 
5.  The  king  had  ruled  so  well  that  the  whole  people  loved 
him.  6.  Vergil  was  thirty  years  younger^  than  Caesar. 
7.  To  neither  was  granted  a  very  long  life.  8.  Some  will 
give  greater  praise  to  the  one,  others  to  the  other. 

1  Of  the  country.      *  Natus  est  =  was  born.      •  See  p.  80,  note  i. 


INFINITIVE   AS  IN  ENGLISH.  115 

LESSON   XL VII. 
The  Infinitive  used  as  in  English. 

296.  Learn  the  indicative,  the  infinitive,  the  present  and 
imperfect  subjunctive  of  possum  (517),  and  review  the  infin- 
itives present  and  perfect  of  sum  and  the  model  verbs. 

a.  Possum  is  compounded  of  potis,  able^  and  sum.  To 
inflect  possum,  prefix  the  syllable  pot  to  the  forms  of  sum, 
changing  t  to  s  before  s,  and  dropping  the  f  of  fui,  fueram,  etc. 

297.  Model  Sentences, 

1.  Errare  est  humanum,  to  err  is  human. 

2.  Potui  videre,  /  could  (was  able  to)  see. 

3.  Urbs  capta  esse  dicitur,  the  city  is  said  to  have  been 
taken. 

4.  Puella  esse  bona  cupiebat,  the  girl  wished  to  be  good. 

5.  Nos  esse  _bonos  cupiunt,  they  desire  us  to  be  good. 

,■•-  —  --'    I 

a.  Observe  that  in  each  sentence  the  infinitive  is  used  pre- 
cisely as  in  English,  These  uses,  as  presenting  no  difficulty 
of  syntax,  have  been  illustrated  in  exercises  of  preceding 
lessons  without  comment.     Cf.  i  with  212,  10. 

b.  The  infinitive  used  as  in  2  and  4,  to  complete  the  mean- 
ing of  the  main  verb,  is  called  the  cotnplementary  infinitive. 

c.  Note  that  the  predicate  adjective  bona  (also  the  par- 
ticiple capta)  agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  main  verb. 

298.  Rule. — A  -predicate  adjective  after  a  com- 
plementary infinitive  agrees  with  the  subject  of 

the  main  verb. 

d.  In  5,  nos  is  called  the  subject  of  the  infinitive  esse.  Note 
that  here  the  adjective  after  the  infinitive  agrees  with  the 
subject  of  the  infinitive. 


116  INFINITIVE  AS  IN  ENGLISH. 

299.  Rule.  —  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  in 
the  accusative. 

300.  I.  Dux  equitatum  terrere  et  fugare  potest. 
2.  Castra  moveri  et  poni  potuerunt.^  3.  Puer  discere 
potuisse  dicitur.  4.  Discedere,  fugere  potuimus.  5.  Illae 
matres  amari  et  iuvari  debent.  6.  Amatae  esse  dicuntur. 
7.  Properabo  ut  te  iuvare  possim.  8.  Ille^  properavit 
ut  nos  iuvare  posset.  9.  Cur  rion  properavimus  ut  eos 
recipere  possemus  ?  10.  Te  fortem  benignumque  esse 
cupiebant.  11.  Iter  breve  fuisse  dicitur.  12.  Milites 
vulnerati  esse  dicuntur. 

301.  I.  You  can  carry' and  throw  a  spear.  2.  They 
can  read  and  write.  3.  Who  was  not  able  to  think  and 
learn.?  4.  They  will  be  able  to  take  the  town.  5.  You 
bid  me  to  be  adorned  and  to  delight.  6.  They  are  said 
to  have  been  terrified  and  routed.  7.  He  was  said  to 
have  been  brave  and  to  have  conquered.  8.  They  were 
thought  to  have  labored  and  received  a  reward.  9.  The 
army  was  thought  to  be  getting  defeated.^  10.  He  bade 
you  be  diligent. 

302.  I.  Videri *  est  non  semper  esse.  2.  Vergilius  et 
Caesar  maximi  ingeni  *  fuisse  putantur ;  uter  maior  fuisse 
dicitur?  3.  Quis  nostrum  rem  publicam  conservari  non 
cupit.?  4.  Is  qui  rem  publicam  .conservare  tentabit  et 
vitam  pro  ea  dabit,  laudem  recipiet  sempiternam. 
5.  Quis  maius   virtutis    praemium   recipere    aut   cupere 

^  As  the  subject  castra  is  plu-  ^  Present  passive  infinitive, 

ral,  the  verb  must  be  plural.  *  See  page  96,  note  3. 

3  See  245,  a.  &  See  140. 


JiXi'INITlVE   AS  IN  ENGLISH. 


u: 


potest?  6.  Pro  patria,  pro  salute  publica  vitam  dare 
debemus.  7.  Nemo  totius  exercitus  tam  fortis  fuit  ut 
hostium  impetum  non  timeret.  8.  Alter  hoc  pensum, 
liter  illud  facere  poterat ;  sed  neuter  utrumque  pensum  ^ 
facere  poterat.  9.  Exercitus  hostium  inopia''  aquae 
magis^  laboravisse  nostro  exercitu  dicebatur.  10.  Qui 
parens  liberos  suos  esse  bonos  non  cupit  ? 

1  Utrumque  pensum  =  both  tasks.        ^  See  132.         ^  More. 


w 


Gaius  Julius  Gaesak. 


118        THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  ISTE,  IDEM,  IPSE, 


%.^vv>^^-^'2 


LESSON  XLVIII. 
The  Demonstratives  iste,  idem,  ipse. 


303. 

Paradigms. 

iste,  that, 

that  of  yours. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N.  iste 

ista 

istud 

isti              istae 

ista 

G.   istiua 

istius 

istius 

istonim      istarum 

istonim 

D.  isti 

isti 

isti 

istis             istis 

istis 

Ac.istum 

istam 

istud 

istos           istas 

ista 

AB.isto 

ista 

isto 

istis            istis 

istis 

idem,  same. 

{ eidem  eaedem  e'adem 

( iidem 

G.   eius'dem  eiusdem  eiusdem  eorun'dem  earundem  eorundem 

^      .,  .^  ._         (eis'dem  eisdem  eisdem 

D.   eidem      eidem     eidem    ] 

( iis^dem  iisdem  iisdem 

Ac.  eun'dem  eandem  idem       eos'dem  easdem  e'adem 

'  eis^dem  eisdem  eisdem 


N.  idem        e'adem  idem 


Ab.  eodem     eadem    eodem 


iis^dem       iisdem       iisdem 


ipse,  self  {him self y  etc.). 


N.  ipse 
G.    ipsius 
D.  ipsi 
Ac.ipsum 
AB.ipso 


ipsa         ipsum     ipsi  ipsae  ipsa 

ipsius      ipsius      ipsorum     ipsanim  ipsorum 

ipsis  ipsis  ipsis 

ipsas  ipsa 

ipsis  ipsis 


ipsi         ipsi 

ipsam     ipsum     ipsos 

ipsa         ipso        ipsis 


a.  Iste  is  declined  like  ille  (100). 

b.  id«m  is  declined  like  is  (119),  with  m  changed  to  n  before 
the  suffix  dem. 

c.  Wherein  does  the  declension  of  ipse  vary  from  that  of 
bonus  ? 

d.  Decline  together  istud  caput,  idem  dies,  ipsa  res. 


THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  iSTE,  IDEM,  IPSE.        119 

304.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Istam  epistulam  legi,  /  read  that  letter  of  yours. 

2.  iBodem  die  ad  te  epistulam  misi,  on  the  same  day  I 
sent  a  letter  to  you. 

3.  Imperator  ipse  exercitum  duzit,  the  general  himself 
led  the  army. 

4.  Ipse  exercitum  duxisti,  yoi^  led  the  army  yourself. 

e.  Iste  and  idem  are  used  as  demonstrative  adjectives  and 
demonstrative  pronouns.     Cf.  101,  a. 

f.  Iste  is  used  of  that  which  has  some  relation  to  the  person 
addressed,  and  hence  is  called  the  demonstrative  of  the  second 
person  :  iste  equus,  or  iste  tuus  equus,  that  horse  of  yours. 
Cf.  100,  b  and  c.  Iste  also  sometimes  denotes  contempt.  Idem 
is  used  just  as  "  same  "  is  in  English. 

g.  Ipse,  self  the  emphatic  appositive  pronoun,  is  used  to 
emphasize  a  noun  or  pronoun  (expressed  or  understood)  with 
which  it  agrees  as  an  adjective.  It  must  be  carefully  dis- 
tinguished from  se,  self  which  is  reflexive,  not  emphatic  : 

homo  se  culpavit  nimium,  the  man  blamed  himself  too  much; 
hom5  fratrem,  turn  se  ipsum  culpavit,  the  man  bla?ned  his 
brother,  then  hi7?tself 

\       SOjSt^        ,    9  .        Vocabulary. 

parous,  -us,  m.  botif/  p.  73.  _f  imperium,  -i,  n.  power,  rule; 
Asia,  -ae,  f.  Asia.  empire. 

barbarus,  -i,  m.  a  barbarian.  periculum,  -i,  n.  danger,  peril. 

Darius,  -i,  m,  Darius.  prae-dico,    -arc,    -avi,    -atus, 
dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  con-  proclaiin,  boast. 

tend,  fight.  pro-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi, ,go 

divitiae,  -arum,  f.  (pi.)  riches.         forward,  advance,  proceed. 

heri,  didw.  yesterday.  Socrates,  -is,  m.  Socrates. 

vultus,  -us,  m.  countenance.  —   '^J'VOJ^^-^U^ 


4 


120        THE  DEMONSTRATIVES  ISTE,  IDEM,  IPSE. 

306.  I.  De   istis  rebus  ad   te  scribere  mox   potero. 

2.  Nemo  qui  de  se  ipso  praedicat  esse  sapiens  dicitur. 

3.  Ipsi^  vestri  amici  vos  culpaverunt.  4.  Ista  vestra 
pensa  mihi  sunt  gratissima.  5.  Uterque  vestrum  est 
idem  qui''  semper  fuit.  6.  Nomen  ipsius'  poetae, 
cuius  libros  nunc  legimus,  est  clarissimum.  7.  Milites 
totius  exercitus  ab  uno  imperatore  ducti  sunt  ut  hostis 
vincere  posset.      8.    Socrates  ille*  et  in  periculo  ipso 

'et  in  salute  eundem  vultum  semper  habuisse  dicitur. 
9.  Semper  erat  eodem  vultu.  10.  Hodie  eadem  facis 
quae  heri.  '^^^\^  .<\i(\^^'j^' 

307.  Alexander  addresses  his  Soldiers. 

I.  There  will  soon  be  a  battle.  2.  You  yourselves 
have  long  desired  to  see  this  day.  3.  Now  you  will 
be  able  to  vanquish  those*  barbarians,  who  fight  with 
bows  and  arrows.  4.  They  are  the  same  soldiers  whom 
you  have  often  defeated.  5.  They  are  led  by  king 
Darius  himself,  whose  ancestors  *  made  war  on  ^  your 
country.  6.  This  day  you  will  fight  for  ^  the  rule  of  all 
Asia.  7.  Victory  will  be  yours,^  if  you  have^°  the  same 
brave  spirit,  the  same  daring,  that"  you  have  always 
had.  8.  The  riches  of  the  king  himself,  that  barbarian, 
and  of  all  his  cities  will  be  yours.     Forward  ! 

1  Even.  s  The  iste  of  contempt. 

2  Idem  .  .  .  qui,  same  .  .  .  as.      ^  Mai5res.  ®  To  you. 

8  Very.  ">  In  with  ace.  10  S/ta//  have. 

4 100,  d,  8  Use  de.  "^  Quam. 


THE  INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS. 


121 


LESSON   XLIX. 
The  Indefinite  Pronouns. 


308.  Paradigms. 

aliquis,  some,  afiy  {person  or  thing) 

SINGULAR. 

N.     aliquis  aliqua 


■thing).         ^     , 
aliquid,  aliqnod  / 


G. 

alicu'iua 

alicuiua 

alicuiua 

D. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ac. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid,  allquod 

Ab. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

PLURAL. 

aliquo 

N. 

aliqui 

aliquae 

aliqua  o. 

G. 

aliquomm 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

D. 

ali'quibua 

aliquibua 

aliquibua 

Ac. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

Ab. 

ali'quibus 

aliquibua 

aliquibua 

a.    How  do  the  feminine  nominative  singular  and  the  neuter 
nominative  plural  of  aliquis  and  quis  differ  ? 

quidam,  a,  a  certain  {person,  thing). 


N.  quidam 

G.  cuius'dam 

D.  cuidam 

Ac.  quendam 

Ab.  quodam 

N.  quidam 

G.  quorun'dam 

D.  quibua'dam 

Ac.  quosdam 

Ab.  quibua'dam 


SINGULAR. 

quaedam 

cuiuadam 

cuidam 

quandam 

quadam 

PLURAL. 

quaedam 

quanindam 

quibusdam 

quasdam 

quibuadam 


quiddam,  quoddam 

cuiuadam 

cuidam 

quiddam,  quoddam 

quodam 

quaedam 

quorundam 

quibuadam 

quaedam 

quibuadam 


122  THE    INDEFINITE  PRONOUNS. 

b.  Other  important  indefinites  declined  like  quidam  are  the 
following  :  -  ^^^<W<^  XW^Jr^C^^^^.0^^  . 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut.  0 

quisquam       •        quidquam  (no  pi.)     any  one  {at  all). 

quilibet      quaelibet    quidlibet,  quodlibet)  .  .,       . 

\  any  one  (you  please). 
quivis         quae  vis       quid  vis,  quod  vis       ) 

quisque      quaeque      quidque,  quodque       each,  every,  C/lT/'A^  ^\/-^j^ 

c.  In  the  neuter  of  the  indefinites  quid-forms  are  used  as 
npuns,  quod-forms  as  adjectives. 

309.  Vocabulary. 

Aegyptus,  -i,  f.  Egypt  (13,  2).  isthmus,  -i,  m.  isthmus. 

certus,  -a,  -um,  certain,  trust-  Nilus,  -i,  m.  the  Nile. 

worthy.  nuper,  adv.  [nevus],  recently.         j, 

figura,  -ae,  f.  shape,  form.  scriptor,  -oris,  m.  writer.  ^y 

fons,     fontis,     m.      fountain,  specto, -are, -avi, -atus, /^<7y&  «^.  a>\ 

source.  -    '  tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  only.  . 

iu-cognitus,  -a,  -um,  unknown,  virus,  -a,  -um,  true.     [JIUlAJl/j 

310.  ^^  Africa. 

I.  Scriptor  quidam  vetus  scripsit,  "Africa  insulae 
est  similis."  2.  Cuivis,  qui  Africae  figuram  spectabit, 
hoc  esse  verum  videbitur,  nam  isthmus  angustissimus 
est  inter  Asiam  et  Africam.  3.  Ab  aliis  scriptoribus 
veteribus  Aegyptus  pars  Asiae  esse  habetur.^  4.  Anti- 
quis  temporibus  maxima  illius  terrae  pars  incognita  erat, 
sed  non  hodie.  "Semper  aliquid  novi '^  ex  Africa." 
5.  Tum  de  Nili  fontibus  nemo  quidquam  certi  cognoverat ; 
nunc  eidem  fontes  cuilibet  noti  sunt ;  nam  a  quibusdam 
viris  audacibus  reperti  ^  sunt.    6.  Nuper  quoddam  flumen 

1  Is  considered.  ^  See  203.  *  Have  been  discovered. 


READING  LESSON.  123 

Africae  maximum  cognitum  ^  est.  7.  Quis  vestrum  no- 
men  huius  fluminis  dare  potest  ?  —  Quis  nomina  virorum 
illorum  qui  de  eo  reppererunt  ?  ^  ^ 

311.  I.  There  were  two  consuls  each  year  in  the 
Roman  state.  2.  That  boy  has  something  in  his  left 
hand.  3.  I  learned  something  new  ^  yesterday.  What 
new  thing  ?  4.  Certain  soldiers  of  the  five  hundred  tried 
to  flee,  so  as  not  to  be  taken.  5.  We  do  not  fear  any  one 
at  all  of  those  chiefs.  6.  A  part  of  each  summer  we 
remain  in  the  country. 


LESSON   L. 
312.  Beading   Lesson. 

[See  introductory  note  to  Lesson  XXL] 

CiCERONIS    EpISTULA   AD    TeRENTIAM    UxOREM. 

Ante  Christum  natum  XLVI. 

*Si  vales,  bene  est;  ego  valeo.  Nos  neque  de  Caesaris 
adventu  neque  de  epistulis,  quas  Philotimus  habere  dici- 
tur,  quidquam  certi ^  habemus.  Si  quid*  erit  certi, 
faciam '  te  statim  certiorem."^  Fac  ^  ut  valetiidinem  tuam 
cures.     Vale.^ 

1  Has  become  known.  6  See  203. 

*  Have  found  out.    ^  See  203.  ^  Regularly  used  in  the  sense 

*  The  Romans  often  began  of  aliquid  after  si,  ne,  nisi,  num. 
their  letters  with  the  abbrevi-  '^  Make  more  certain  =  inform. 
ations  of  these  five  words  :  ^  Be  sure  (p.  103,  note  i). 

S.  V.  B.  E.  E.  V.  9  Good-bye. 


124  READING  LESSON. 

313.  I^E  Vitus  Hominum. 

luppiter  ^  nobis  duas  peras  imposuit :  alteram,  quae 
nostris  vitiis^  completa  est,  post  tergum  nobis  dedit^; 
alteram,  in  qua  aliorum  vitia  continentur,  ante  pectus 
nostrum  suspendit.  Quare  non  videmus  ea  vitia  quae  ipsi 
peccamus.     Sed  si  alii  peccant,  statim  eos  vituperamus. 

314.  A  Father  to  his  Daughters. 

If  you  are  in  good  health,  it  is  well.  I  am  in  good 
health.  Neither  in  your*  letters,  nor  in  the  letters  of 
your  mother,  has  there  been  anything  new  at  all  about 
the  wound  which  your  poor  brother  is  said  to  have 
received.  If  anything  new  happens,^  be  sure  *  to  inform 
me  without  any '  delay.  Meanwhile,  be  sure  also  to  look 
out  for  your  health.     Good-bye.* 

315.  Vocabulary. 


ad-ventua,  -us,  m.  [advenio],      pera,  -ae,  f .  bag,  wallet, 
coming,  arrival.  qua-re,  conj.  wherefore. 


con-tineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentua  atatim,  zAw.  immediately.     ' 

[teneo],  contain,  hold.  aua-pendo,     -ere,     -di,     -sua 
euro,    -are,    -avi,    -atua,   care  [aub],  hang  up,  hang. 

for,  take  care.  tergum,  -i,  n.  back. 

im-pono,    -ere,    -poaui,    -Itua  valetudo,     -inia     [valeo],    f. 

[in],  put  ox  place  upon.  state  of  health,  health. 

pecco,   -are,   -avi,  -atua,  sin,  vitium,  -i,  n.  fault,  vice. 

commit  (a  faulty.  vitupero,     -are,    -avi,    -atus, 
pectua,  -oria,  n.  breast.  blame,  censure. 

1  See  499.  ^  shall  have  happened. 

*  Ablative  with  completa.  *  Not  singular. 

*  Dedit  =  imposuit.  '  Ullus   is    the   adjective  for 

*  247,  a.  any  after  a  negative,  sine,  etc. 


ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE.  125 

LESSON  LI. 

Accusative  and  Infinitive. 

Indirect  Discourse. 

316.  Learn  the  future  infinitives  of  sum  and  the  model 
verbs. 

317.  Model  Sentences. 

DIRECT   STATEMENT.  INDIRECT   STATEMENT. 

1.  Tu  Bcribis,  you  are  Dicimus  te  scribere,  we 
writing.  say  that  you  are  writing. 

2.  Epistula  scripta  est,  a  Putamus  epiatulam  scrip- 
letter  has  been  written.  tam   esse,   we  think   that   a 

letter  has  been  written. 

3.  Tu  scribes,  you  will  Cognovimus  te  scripturum 
write.                                               esse,  we  know  you  will  write. 

a.  A  comparison  of  each  sentence  of  the  first  column 
with  the  corresponding  sentence  of  the  second  column  will 
show  what  is  meant  by  "Direct  Statement"  and  "Indirect 
Statement." 

b.  Compare  now  each  Latin  sentence  of  the  second  column 
with  the  translation.  Observe  that  after  the  leading  verb  in 
the  Latin,  the  accusative  and  infinitive  are  employed,  and  that 
the  accusative  is  translated  by  the  nominative,  and  the  infinitive 
by  the  indicative.  Observe  also  that  there  is  nothing  in  the 
Latin  corresponding  to  that,  which  commonly  introduces  the 
Indirect  Statement  in  English. 

318.  Rule.  —  Indirect  statements  follow  verbs 
and  other  expressions  of  saying,  thinking,  hnow- 
ing,  and  perceiving,  and  are  expressed  hy  the 
infinitive  with  sicbject-accusative. 


126 


ACCUSATIVE   AND  INFINITIVE. 


319. 


Tenses  of  the  Infinitive. 


dicit  ^ 

dicet  \  te  scribere, 

dixit  J 

dicit  1 

dicet  \  epistulam  scribi, 

dixit  J 


V 


dicit  1 

dicet  V  te  scriptiiruni  esse, 

dixit  J 


dicit"] 
dicet  1- 

dixit  J 


epistulam  scriptum 


r  he  says  that  you  are  writing. 

\  he  will  say  that  you  are  writing. 

y  he  said  that  you  were  writing. 

he  says  that  the  letter  is  being 

■    written. 

he  will  say  that  the  letter  is 

being  written, 
he  said  that  the  letter  was  being 
written. 

URE. 

he  says  that  you  will  write, 
he  will  say  that  you  will  write, 
he  said  that  you  would  write. 
'  he  says  that  the  letter  will  be 

written, 
he  will  say  that  the  letter  will 

be  written, 
he  said  that  the  letter  would  be 

written. 

PERFECT. 

he  says  that  you  wrote  (have 

written'), 
he   will  say   that  you    wrote 

(Jiave  written), 
he  said  that  you  wrote  (had 

written), 
he  says  that  the  letter  was  (has 

been)  written, 
he  will  say  that  the  letter  was 

(has  been)  written, 
he  said  that  the  letter  was  (had 

been)  written. 
^  More  commonly  fore  at  epistula  sciib&tur,  etc. 


dicit  ^ 

dicet  \  te  scripsiBBe, 

dixit  J 


dicit  ^       .       , 
_        I  epistulam  scnptam 


ACCUSATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE.  \11 

a.  The  present  infinitive  represents  an  action  as  going  on 
at  the  time  denoted  by  the  leading  verb.  The  future  infinitive 
represents  an  action  as  yet  to  take  place  after  the  time  denoted 
by  the  leading  verb.  The  perfect  infinitive  represents  an  action 
as  completed  at  the  time  denoted  by  the  leading  verb. 

320.  Rule.  —  The  tenses  of  the  infinitive  denote 
-present,  future,  or  past  time,  relatively  to  the 
time  of  the  leading  verb. 

321.  Vocabulary, 

ad-sum,  adesse,  adfui,  adfu-  pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus, 
turus,  be  present,  be  here.  drive  away.,  rout,  defeat. 

Alexander,  -dri,  m.  Alexander.  sementis,    -is,    f.    (sementi-), 

arbor,  -oris,  f.  tree.     „  ]  r        ,  (ace.  -im  or  -em),  sowing. 

canto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  sing.  solvo,    -ere,    solvi,    solutus, 

frigus,  -oris,  n.  cold.  loose,  break. 

lam,  adv.  already,  now,  at  spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes], 
last,     non  iam,  no  longer.  hope. 

in-cipi5,  -ere,   -cepi,  -ceptus  tego,  -ere,  texi,  tectus,  cover. 

[capio],  begin.  ver,  veris,  n.  spring. 


322.  I.  Ver  adest ;  vere  ^  hiems  pellitur  et  frigus 
solvitur.  2.  Videmus  ver  adesse  et  vere  hiemem  pelli 
et  frigus  solvi.  3.  Terra  non  iam  nive  tecta^  est.  4.  Vi- 
demus terram  non  iam  nive  tectam  esse.  5.  Multae  aves 
in  arboribus  cantant  et  aliae  mox  cantabunt.  6.  Novi- 
mus  multas  aves  in  arboribus  cantare,  alias  mox  canta- 
turas  esse.  7.  Agricolae  arare  et  sementem  facere 
inceperunt.  8.  Videmus  agricolas  arare  et  sementem 
facere  incepisse.  9.  Agricola  sperat  divitias  sibi  futuras 
esse,  et  nos  eadem  nobis  ipsis  speramus.  10.  Este 
benigni,  omnes  dei,  agricolis  validis,  ut  content!  sint. 

^  See  84.  ^  The  participle  as  an  adjective,  hence  is  covered. 


128  FOURTH  CONJUGATION. 

323.  I.  The  sources  of  the  Nile  were  unknown  in 
ancient  times.  2.  It  was  thought  by  a  certain  ancient 
writer  that  the  sources  of  the  Nile  were  unknown. 
3.  The  brave  Greeks  will  defeat  the  barbarians,  the 
army  of  Darius  himself.  4.  Alexander  said  that  the 
Greeks  would  defeat  Darius  himself.  5.  We  think 
that  to  no  general  has  greater  praise  been  given  than 
to  Alexander.  6.  Was  not  Alexander  born  ^  three  hundred 
and  fifty-six  years  before  the  birth  of  Christ  ? 


LESSON   LII. 

Fourth  Conjugation. —  i- Verbs. 

Audio  (stem  audi-),  hear. 

Principal  Parts:  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus. 

324.  Learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future  indicative, 
the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  and  the  present  imper- 
ative and  infinitive,  active  and  passive,  of  audio  (515). 

a.  Compare  the  forms  of  audio  with  those  of  rego  and  capio. 


325.  I.  Audio,  audiebam,  audiam.  2.  Audit,  audie- 
bat,  audiet.  3.  Auditur,  audiebatur,  audietur.  4.  Audiar, 
audiaris.  5.  Audi,  audire.  6.  Audimur,  audiebamur, 
audiemur.  7.  Audire,  audiri.  8.  Auditis,  audiebatis, 
audietis.  9.  Audiunt,  audiuntur.  10.  Ut  audiant,  ut 
audirent.  11.  Ne  audiat,  ne  audiret.  12.  Audite, 
audimini. 

a.  Like  audio,  inflect  the  same  tenses  of  munio,  fortify^ 
puni5,  punish^  and  venio,  come. 

1  Natus  est. 


1 


-? 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION,  129 

326.  I.  He  hears,  he  is  heard.  2.  He  was  hearing, 
he  was  heard.  3.  He  will  fortify,  it  will  be  fortified. 
4.  They  fortify,  it  is  fortified.  5.  They  were  fortify- 
ing, they  will  be  fortified.  6.  To  fortify,  to  come,  to 
punish.  7.  To  be  fortified,  to  be  punished.  8.  Come, 
fortify,  punish.  9.  We  fortify,  we  come,  we  punish. 
10.  You  come,  you  punish,  you  are  punished.  11.  That 
I  may  come,  that  you  may  fortify,  that  he  may  be  pun- 
ished. 12.  That  he  might  not  be  punished,  that  you 
might  not  come. 

327.  Vocabulary. 

aer,  aeris,  m.  (ace.  aera),  air.  munlo,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itna,  fortify. 

apefio,  -ire,  aperui,  apertus,  porta,  -ae,  f .  gate. 

open.  punio,  -ire,  -ivi,  -itus,  punish. 

cantus,  -us,  m.  song,  singing.  re-perio,  -ire,  repperi,  reper- 

cuBtodio,     -ire,     -ivi,     -itus,  tvis,fnd,  discover. 

guard,  protect,  defend.  sentio,    -ire,    sensi,     sensus, 

flos,  floris,  m.  ilower.  feel,  perceive,  know  {by  the 

gramen,  -inis,  n.  grass.  ^JP^    "^  senses). 


Ui^lenis,  -e,  mild,  gentle.  venio,  -ire,  venirventus,  come,  j^ 

328.  I.  Sermonem  sapientium  audire  amamus. 
2.  Audimus  Hannibalem  anno  ducentesimo  secundo 
ante  Christum  natum  victum  esse.  3.  Legatus  se  montem 
unum  totum  diem  tenuisse  dixit.  4.  Quaque  hieme  qui- 
dam  amicus  ad  me  venit  et  duos  aut  tres  dies  manet. 

5.  Ver    terram    aperit    vestitque    gramine    floribusque. 

6.  Tum  quoque^  sentimus  aera  esse  leniorem.     7.  Mox 

^  Observe  the  difference  between  quoque,  also,  and  quoque,  ablative  * 
of  qaisque,  each. 


130  FOURTH  CONJUGATIOM, 

aves  domos  veteres  reperient,  et  earum  cantus  in  arbori- 
bus  audientur.  8.  Vere  cantum  audimus  earurr^  avium 
quae  hieme  audiri  non  possunt.  9.  Hieme  tantum  est 
frigus  ut  cibus  ab  eis  non  reperiri  possit.  10.  Audimus 
duas  legiones  in  Galliam  missum  iri. 

329.  I.  I  am  saying  the  very^  same  things  that  you 
heard  from  your  friend.  2.  Did  you  not  say  that  you 
had  begun  sowing?  3.  On  account  of  the  cold  I  could 
not  begin.  4.  By  night  a  messenger  comes  to  Caesar. 
5.  He  says  that  a  town  friendly^  to  the  Romans  is 
guarded  by  day  and  night.  6.  "The  enemy,"  says  he, 
"strong  in  number^  of  men,  is  near  at  hand.  7.  The 
townsmen  are  fortifying  and  guarding  the  town.  8.  If 
you  come,*  they  will  open  their  gates  to  you.  9.  They 
hope  you  will  come  soon  with  a  large  force.  10.  The 
danger  will  be  greater  if  there  is  any  ^  delay." 

■     1  See  306,  note  3.  a  See  168. 

^  Amicus  as  an  adjective.  *  Shall  come.  ^  Ullus. 


CORNUA. 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  131 


LESSON    LIII. 

Fourth  Conjugation.  —  Continued, 
Subjunctive  after  Verbs  of  Fearing. 

330.  Learn  the  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect 
indicative,  and  the  perfect  and  future  infinitive,  active  and 
passive,  of  audio  (515). 

a.  Observe  that  the  endings  -i,  -isti,  -it,  etc.,  are  the  same  in 
all  the  conjugations. 


331.  I.  Audivit,  audiverat,  audiverit.  2.  Auditus  est, 
auditus  erat,  auditus  erit.  3.  Audiverunt,  audiverant, 
audiverint.  4.  Audivisti,  audita  es.  5.  Audistis,^  audi- 
tae  estis.  6.  Auditum  est,  auditum  erat,  auditum  erit. 
7.  Audivimus,  auditi  sumus.  8.  Audivisse,  auditus  esse. 
9.  Audiiy^  audieram,  audiero.  10.  Auditus  sum,  audi- 
tus eram,  auditus  ero.     11.  Auditurus  esse. 

332.  I.  He  has  punished,  he  has  been  punished. 
2.  He  had  fortified,  it  had  been  fortified.  3.  You  have 
come,  you  had  come,  you  will  have  come.  4.  They  have 
fortified,  they  have  punished,  they  have  come.  5.  We 
fortified,  we  punished,  we  came.  6.  To  have  fortified,  to 
have  punished,  to  have  come.  7.  To  have  been  fortified, 
to  have  been  punished.  8.  To  be  about  to  open,  to 
be  about  to  find.  9.  To  be  about  to  be  fortified,  to  be 
about  to  be  punished. 

1  For  audivistis.     See  337,  b.  2  Yox  audivi. 


132  FOURTH  CONJUGATION, 

333.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Timeo  ut  veniat,  )  I  fear  that  he  is  not  comings  or 

2.  Timeo  ne  non  veniat,  J      will  not  come. 

3.  Timeo  ne  veniat,  I  fear  that  he  is  coming,  or  will  come. 

a.  Observe  that  verbs  of  fearing  are  followed  by  ut  and  ne 
with  the  subjunctive,  and  that  then  ut  and  nt  seem  to  exchange 
meanings  :  ut  =  that  not  j  ne  =  that. 

b.  Observe  that  in  place  of  ut,  ne  non  may  be  used  with  the 
same  meaning,  as  in  2. 

c.  Notice  that  the  present  subjunctive  may  be  translated  as 
^     a  future. 

334.  Vocabulary. 

^  *^circum-venio,      -ire,      -veni,  nihil,  indecL,  n.  nothing. 

t3^^       -ventus,  surround.  scio,      scire,      scivi,     scitUB, 
^-iolimn,  -i,  n.  leaf.  know.,  know  how. 

fortitude,  -inis,  f,  [fortis],  en-  sol,  solis,  m.   (no  gen.  plu.),-  ^ 
dtirance,  fortitude.  sun.  "^ 

molestus,    -a,    -um,    trouble-  turpis,  -e,  base,  disgraceful.\i^ 

some,  tiresome.  yo2,  vocis,  f.  voice,  oi^ofd 

1 

335.  I .  Timemus  ut  bonum  consilium  capias.  2.  Time- 
mus  ne  malum  consilium  capias.  3.  Timebat  ut  valerem  ; 
timebat  ne  aeger  essem.  4.  Alius  alium  in  pugna  iuva- 
bat  neque  timebant  ne  ab  hostibus  circumvenirentur. 
5.  Legati  timuerunt  ne  frumentum  toti  exercitui  praeberi 
non  posset.  6.  Audivimus  castra  ab  imperatore  munita 
esse.  7.  Si  frigus  hiemis  solvi  incipiet,  et  si  terra  se 
aperiet,^  agricolae  sementem  facient.    8.  Scimus  aestatem 

1  Se  aperiet  =  op  ens  ^  i.e.  softens. 


-V  Y^cvJ^oT]^-^-^^^^^ 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION.  133 

arbores  foliis  vestituram  (esse).^  9.  Scimus  quoque  aera* 
vere'  leniorem  futurum.^  10.  Speramus  avis  mox  adfutu- 
ras  et  in  arboribus  cantaturas.  11.  Timemus  ne  noster 
sermo  de  vere,  avibus,  gramine,  floribus  sit  molestissimus, 
sed  quid  aliud  facere  possumus  ? 

336.  I.  We  know  that  the  Romans  were  trained  in 
the  arts  by  the  Greeks.  2.  Flowers  are  opened  by  the 
light  of  the  sun.  3.  The  lieutenant  with  a  small  band 
guarded  the  citadel  for  two  days.  4.  To  know  nothing 
is  exceedingly*  disgraceful.  5.  To  know  many  things 
is  very  useful.  6.  We  fear  that  the  camp  will  not  be 
fortified.  7.  Did  you  not  hear  the  voice  of  your  father? 
8.  Those  words  of  yours  I  have  heard.  9.  The  boy 
feared  that  his  brother  would  be  punished  on  account 
of  his  laziness. 

1  In  the  compound  forms  of  the  ^  gee  327. 

infinitive  esse  is  often  omitted.  ^  See  155.         *  See  194,  c. 


MILITE8  ROMANI. 


134        REVIEW  OF  THE  FOUR   CONJUGATIONS. 

LESSON   LIV. 
Review  of  the  Pour  Conjugations. 

337.  The  conjugations  are  distinguished  by  the 
vowel  before  the  ending  -re  of  the  present  infinitive 
active.     Thus : 


I. 

amare,  characteristic  vowel  a. 

II. 

monere,           "                  "       e. 

III. 

regere,             "                  "       ie. 

IV. 

audire,             "                 "       L 

a.  Note  that  verbs  in  -15  of  the  third  conjugation  have  some 
forms  like  the  fourth.     Which  are  they.? 

b.  In  the  perfect  and  cognate  tenses,  v  between  two  vowels 
is  often  lost,  when  contraction  may  take  place  :  laudasse  for 
laudavisse,  audistis  for  audivistis,  audieram  for  audiveram. 


338.  I.  Amamus,  monemus,  regimus,  audimus.  2.  Lau- 
dant,  delent,  regunt,  capiunt,  veniunt.  3.  Superabam, 
terrebam,  ponebam,  capiebam,  audiebam.  4.  Portavisti, 
habuisti,  posuisti,  fugisti,  munisti.  5.  Paraverunt,  tenue- 
runt,  defenderunt,  cupierunt,  piinierunt.  6.  Amabit, 
monebit,  mittet,  iaciet,  veniet.  7.  Fugatur,  terretur, 
ponitur,  capitur,  vestitur.  8.  Servaberis,  teneberis,  duce- 
ris,  iacieris,  vestieris.  9.  Laudari,  praeberi,  dici,  iaci, 
vestiri.  10.  Educata  est,  monita  est,  educta  est,  capta  est, 
punita  est.  1 1 .  Portaveratis,  riseratis,  rexeratis,  ceperatis, 
audiveratis.     12.  Amasse,  amabit,  nosse,  audisti. 

339.  I.  Thou  lovest,  thou  advisest,  thou  rulest,  thou 
takest,  thou  hearest.  2.  I  shall  praise,  I  shall  remain, 
I  shall  defend,  I  shall  take,  I  shall  fortify.     3.  Fight, 


REVIEW  OF   THE   FOUR   CONJUGATIONS.        135 

destroy,  defend,  throw,  guard.  4.  To  have  fought,  to 
have  destroyed,  to  have  defended,  to  have  thrown,  to 
have  guarded.  5.  We  are  praised,  we  are  moved,  we 
are  conquered,  we  are  thrown,  we  are  guarded.  6.  It 
has  oeen  carried,  he  has  been  frightened,  she  has  been 
led,  it  has  been  thrown,  he  has  been  heard.  7.  He  will 
be  saved,  he  will  be  held,- he  will  be  sent,  he  will  be 
captured,  he  will  be  clothed. 

In  the  following  exercises  find  sentences  illustrating  the  various  uses  of 
the  subjunctive  and  infinitive  thus  far  given: 

340.  I.  Veni  ut  manerem.  2.  Tarn  tristes  sumus 
ut  ridere  non  possimus.  3.  Veniebas  ne  lugeremus. 
4.  Dixerunt  Marcum  esse  sapientem.  5.  Dux  timuit  ut 
milites  venirent.  6.  Mllites  timent  ne  hostes  veniant. 
7.  Vos  non  timetis  ne  amici  non  veniant.  8.  Venient 
ut  maneant.  9.  Dicitur^  risisse.  10.  Dicitur'^  eum 
risisse.  11.  Cornelia  filios  suos  educavit  ut  florerent. 
12.  Consul  Catilinam,  patriae  hostem,  monuit  ne  in  urbe 
maneret.  13.  Agricola  ver  mox  adfuturum  sperat,  ut 
sementem  faciat. 

341.  I.  You  have  come  to  stay.  2.  He  says  that  you 
will  stay.  3.  The  boy  is  so  lazy  that  he  cannot  learn. 
4.  The  master  fears  that  he  will  not  learn.  5.  He  stays 
at  home  that  he  may  not  learn.  6.  The  senate  sent  a 
messenger  to  the  army  to  carry  letters  to  the  consul. 
7.  Cicero  said  that  there  was  nothingc^certain  about  the 
letters.  8.  Why  did  not  Jupiter  put  the  wallet  that  con- 
tains our  own  faults  before  our  breasts,  so  that  we  might 
see  them } 

1  Here  dicitur  is  personal;  he  2  Here  dicitur  is  impersonal; 

is  said.  it  is  said  {that). 


IT- 

136  DERIVATION. 

V 

LESSON  LV. 

Derivation. 

342.  To  aid  in  acquiring  a  Latin  vocabulary,  a  close  obser- 
vation of  related  words  is  very  important.  Beginning  with 
270,  the  vocabularies  have  been  prepared  with  a  view  to  help 
the  learner  in  this  direction.  The  parts  of  compound  words 
are  separated  by  hyphens  (re-cipio  [capio]).  Related  words 
that  have  been  previously  used  are  put  in  brackets  (nobilis 
[nosco]).  These  are  not  to  be  considered  necessarily  as  the 
primitives  or  originals  of  the  words  against  which  they  stand,  but 
as  connected  with  them  in  formation  from  a  co?nmon  root  or 
stem.  •  English  derivatives  are  indicated  by  different  type.  In 
the  general  vocabulary  further  attention  is  given  to  this  subject. 


The  following  groups  of  words,  selected  mainly  from  previous 
vocabularies,  should  be  carefully  studied  : 

343.  Models, 

1.  arma,  arms.  armo,  arm. 

2.  flos,  flower.  floreo,  bloom. 

3.  cura,  care.  euro,  care  for. 

a.  Give  the  verbs  with  their  meanings  that  correspond  to 
the  following  nouns  :  donum,  gift^  culpa,  blame,  bellum,  war^ 
iugdi,  flight,  IsLVis,  praise. 

b.  Give  the  nouns  with  their  meanings  that  correspond  to 
the  following  verbs  :  libero,  set  free,  -gvignOffght,  spero,  hope, 
teixe^y  frighten,  vulnero,  wound. 

344.  Models. 

1.  audax,  bold.  audacia,  boldness. 

2.  diligens,  diligent.  diligentia,  diligence. 

3.  diaLiQVLB,  friendly.  amiciXia.,  friendship. 


DERIVA  TION.  137 

a.  Give  the  abstract  nouns  with  their  meanings  that  corre- 
spond to  the  following  :  priidens,  prudent;  piger,  lazy  j  sciens 
(P.  of  scio),  knowing;  victor,  victor. 

345.  Models. 

1.  vx^QxaA, young.  iuventus, j(?«M. 

2.  magnus,  great.  magnitudo,  greatness. 

3 .  liber,  free.  libertas,  freedo77t . 

a.  Give  the  abstract  nouns  corresponding  to  vir,  man, 
fortis,  brave. 

b.  Form  a  noun  like  magnitiido,  meaning  widths  from  latus, 
wide;  another  from  alius,  high^  and  define  it. 

c.  Form  a  noun  like  libertas,  meaning  citizenship,  from 
civis,  citizen. 


346. 

Models. 

I.    ^ro, plough,  V. 

aratrum,  plough,  n. 

2.    orno,  adorn. 

ornamentum,  adornment. 

3.    rodo,  gnaw. 

rostrum,  beak. 

a.  What  is  the  force  of  the  endings  -tram  and  -mentum  respec- 
tively in  the  above  words  ?  Give  the  meaning  of  monumentum 
from  moneo,  remind. 

347.  Models. 

1.  Bcribo,  write.  scriptor,  writer. 

2.  vinco  (vie-),  conquer.         victor,  conqueror. 

3.  impero,  command.  imperator,  commander. 

a.  Give  the  meaning  of  dator  from  do,  give;  of  doctor  from 
doceo,  teach. 

348.  Models. 

1.  Africa,  Africa.  Africanus,  of  Africa,  African. 

2.  Roma,  Rome.  Romanus,  of  Rome,  Roman. 

3.  aurum,  gold.  aureus,  of  gold,  golden. 

4.  facio,  do.  iBL.QiMs  {that  may  be  done),  easy. 


138  DERIVATION. 

a.  Observe  that  the  ending  -anus  denotes  of  or  belonging 
to,  -eus,  ^nade  of,  and  that  -ills  denotes  capability.  Give  the 
meaning  of  oppidanus,  adj.,  from  oppidum,  town;  of  nobilis, 
from  nosco,  know.  Form  an  adjective  meaning  wooden  irova 
lignum,  wood. 

349.  Models. 

1.  'peAes, foot-soldier.  peditatus,       body      of    foot- 

soldiers,  infantry. 

2.  eques,  horseman.  equitatus,  body  of  horsemen, 

cavalry. 

a.  What  is  the  meaning  of  comitatus  from  comes,  comrade  f 
Compare  senex  with  senatus,  and  explain  the  meaning  of  the 
latter. 

350.  Note  the  force  of  the  prefixes  in  the  following  : 

ad-ventus     (ad-venio,     come  ^    e-duco,  lead  out. 

to),  approach.  ex-pono,    put     or    set    out, 

ad-sum,  be  near.  expose. 

circum-duco,  lead  around. 
circum-venio,    come   around. 


im-pono      [in],     put      upon, 

impose. 
in-stnio,  build  in,  instruct. 


surround. 
com-moveo,  move  completely 

disturb,  alarm.  pro-cedo,  go   before,  go  for- 

com-pleo,  fill  completely,  fill  ^^^^^  advance,  proceed. 

^P'  pro-pono,    put    before,    pro- 

con-tineo  [com,  teneo],  hold  pose, 
together,  contain. 

dif-ficili8(fordis-facilis,<z/<zr/  re-cipio,  take  back,  receive. 

fro7n  easy),  difficult.  re-duco,  lead  back. 

dis-cedo,  go  apart,  depart.  re-porto,  carry  back. 

Note.  —  Continue  in  all  succeeding  vocabularies  the  study 
of  derivation  in  this  way. 


PRESENT  AND  PERFECT  PARTICIPLE.         139 

LESSON    LVI. 
Present  and  Perfect  Participle. 

351.  Learn  the  present  and  perfect  participles  of  the 
model  verbs. 

a.  Observe  that  there  is  no  present  passive  or  perfect 
active  participle. 

352.  Participles  are  declined  like  adjectives,  and, 
like  them,  agree  with  nouns  or  pronouns  in  gender, 
number,  and  case.  The  present  participle  is  declined 
like  prudens  (163)  with  ablative  singular  ending  in  -e, 
unless  used  adjectively  ;  the  perfect  participle  like 
bonus. 

353.  Model  Sentences. 
.j^UrfjJCbj^^^^'^^ '^\     ^c^tj.  falls       1      ,       _, 

f,^^jjl.^'  Fortissime  dimicans<^  cadet,  he  will  fall  \      i  .       j 

[cecidit,  he  fell        J 
2.   Te  in  urbe  manentem  vidi,  /  saw  you  while  you  were 
staying  (^you  staying)  in  the  city. 
'3.   Urbs  diu   oppiignata   non   capta   est,  the  city,  though  \{^ 
^!\^\long  besieged  (Jiaving  been  besieged),  was  ?tot  takeii. 

IJ^A'   Caesar  ea  re  commotus  in  Galliam  properavit,  because 
^"^^Caesar  was  moved  {having  been  moved)  by  this  circumstance, 

he  hastened  into  Gaul. 
Ait'     ^'  ^^^  victus  se  recipiet,  if  the  general  is  defeated  {the 
general  defeated),  he  will  retreat. 

6.   Dona  missa  recepit,  he  received  the  gifts  which  had 
been  sent  {the  gifts  sent). 
\      )r-   7*   Caesar  principem  captum  Romam  misit,  Caesar  took 
"' jr^  a  chieftain  and  sent  him  {sent  a  taken  chieftain)  to  Rome. 


^" 


8.  Qallia  est  divisa,  Gaul  is  divided. 


^W^     ^"^^      TffRESENT  ANDfj  ^RFECTPAR^TWIPLE.         ^^  ^^ 

a.  Observe  that  the  pre^nt  participle  represents  an  action 
as  going  on  at  the  time  denoted  by  the  main  verb,  as  in  i 
and  2. 

b.  The  perfect  participle  represents  an  action  as  completed 
at  the  time  denoted  by  the  main  verb,  as  in  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7. 

c.  Observe  that  what  the  Latin  expresses  by  a  participle  is 
often  best  expressed  in  English  (i)  by  a  clause  beginning  with 
while,  though,  because,  if,  etc. ;  (2)  by  a  relative  clause  ;  (3)  by 
a  verb  coordinate  with  one  following. 

d.  Observe  that  a  perfect  participle  used  with  sum  may  lose 
its  idea  of  time  and  become  virtually  an  adjective,  as  in  8. 

354.  Vocabulary. 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -mo-  libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [liber], 

tus,  move,  rouse,  disturb.  set  free,  //'berate. 

contra,  prep.  w.  ace,  against.  ^  medicus,  -i,  ra.  physician.    • 

Fabricius,  -i,  m.  FabriciusTy^  U/  -J>yrrhus,  -i,  m.  Pyrrhus.  ^U/UJ/l 

graviter  [gravis],  adv.  ^tf^^/zTy,  re-dtico,  -ere,  -duxi,  ductus, 

severely.  lead  back. 

historia,  -ae,  f.  history.  venenum,  -i,  n.  poison. 

inter-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus,  vicinus,  -a,  -um,  fteighboring. 

[facio],  kill.      .  vincio,    -ire,   vinxi,   vinctus, 

ira,  -ae,  f.  anger.  bind. 


355.  I.  Fabricius  consul  f actus  contra  Pyrrhum,  re- 
gem  quendam,  missus  est.  2.  Accidit  ut  consul  ipse  et 
Pyrrhus  castra  vicina  haberent.  3.  Fabricius  timens  ne 
rex  impetum  faceret  castra  miinivit.  4.  De  ^  nocte  medi- 
cus Pyrrhi  ad  Fabricium  venit.  5.  "Ego,"  inquit,  "si 
mihi  praemium  dederis,  dominum  meum  veneno  interfi- 
ciam."  6.  **Tu,  pessime,^"  inquit  Fabricius,  "ad  tuum 
dominum   statim  vinctus    mitteris."      7.  Tum  medicuni 

1  In.  a  Miscreant.     See  207. 


PRESENT  AND   PERFECT  PARTICIPLE.         141 

vinctum  ad  Pyrrhum  regem  reduci  iussit.  8.  Sed  Pyrrhus 
ira  commotus  ^  medicum  non  interfecit.  9.  Nonne  eum 
graviter  punivit  ?  10.  Historia  non  narrat  medicum  a 
Pyrrho.punitum  esse. 

356.  I.  The  Gauls  will  attack  the  Romans  )vhile 
they  are  fortifying  their  camp.  2}  They 'led  their 
forces  out  of  the  camp  and  drew  "^fhem  tip.  3.  In  the 
plain  many  animals  were  found  which  had  been  killed. 
4.  Though  moved  by  anger,  we  shall  not  fight.  5.  Fabric- 
ius  heard  the  physician,  but  ordered  him  to  be  bound. 
6.  If  the  physician  is  set  free,*  he  will  be  glad.  7.  The 
physician  was  very  glad,  because  he  was  set  free. 

1  See  353,  3.  2  See  353,  7.  »  See  353,  5. 


Cicero. 


142  DEPONENT  VERBS. 

LESSON  LVII. 
Deponent   Verbs. 

The  Ablative  with  certain  Deponents. 

357.  Review  the  passive  voice  of  the  moods  and  tenses 
already  studied  of  the  model  verbs. 

358.  Deponent  verbs  are  passive  in  form,  but 
active  in  meaning.  There  are  deponents  of  each 
of  the  regular  conjugations,  distinguished,  like  verbs 
in  the  active  voice,  by  the  present  infinitive.  The 
endings  of  the  infinitive  are  as  follows  : 

First  conjugation    .     .    -ari      Third  conjugation   .     .    -i 
Second  conjugation    .    -eri      Fourth  conjugation      .   -iri 

a.  For  the  method  of  giving  the  principal  parts  of  deponent 
verbs,  see  the  next  vocabulary. 

359.  Deponents  are  conjugated  like  the  passive 
of  other  verbs,  with  two  exceptions  :  (i)  they  sub- 
stitute the  future  infinitive  active  for  the  passive, 
—  miraturus  esse  in  place  of  miratum  iri  ;  (2)  they 
have  the  participles  of  both  voices  : 

mirans,  admiring.  miratus,  having  admired. 

miraturus,  about  to  admire.      mirandus,  to  be  admired. 

a.  It  has  been  said  (351,  a)  that  there  is  no  perfect  active 
participle  in  Latin ;  but  the  perfect  participle  of  deponent 
verbs  is  usually  active  in  meaning. 


DEPONENT  VERBS,  143 


360.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Utor  mea  pecunia,  /  use  my  owfi  money. 

2.  Catilina  nostra  patientia  abutitur,  Catiline  abuses  our 
patience. 

3.  Dux  profectus  cum  equitatu  urbe  potitus  est,  the 
commander^  having  set  out  with  cavalry ,  got  possession  of 
the  city. 

4.  Luce  soils  fruimur,  we  enjoy  the  light  of  the  sun. 

a.  A  peculiarity  of  Latin  syntax  is  illustrated  in  the  above 
sentences.  Certain  verbs,  which,  from  their  meanings  we 
should  expect  to  be  transitive,  govern  the  ablative. 

361.  Rule.  —  Utor,  friior,  fiing-or,  potior,  vescor, 

and  their  compounds,  govern  the  ablative. 

362.  Vocabulary. 

ab-utor,     -uti,      -usus     sum,  sequor,  sequi,  secutus   sum, 

abuse.  follow. 

fruor,      frui,     fructus      sum,  utor,    uti,    usus     sum,    use, 

enjoy.  einploy. 

fungor,    fungi,    fiinctus    sum.  semi-deponents. 

perform.        ^MA''\.^>Ia/5>V  audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum,  dare. 

miror,  -ari,  -atu&  sum,  admire,  fido,  -ere,  fisus  sum  [fidus], 

wonder^  wonder  at.  trust. 

potior,    -iri,    -itus    sum,    get  gaudeo,    -ere,    gavisus    sum, 

possession  of  get.,  gain.  rejoice^  be  glad. 

pro-ficiscor,   -i,  -fectus  sum,  soleo,    -ere,    solitus    sum,  be 

set  out.,  march.,  go.  wont,  be  accustomed. 

a.  The  last  four  verbs  are  called  semi-deponents,  because 
they  have  only  passive  forms  (with  active  meanings)  in  the 
perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect. 


144  DEPONENT  VERBS, 

363.  I.  Abusus  est  tua  patientia.  2.  Medicus  vene- 
no  non  usus  est.  3.  Castris  hostium  potiti  sumus. 
4.  Quis  sole  et  aere  non  fruitur?  5.  Tuam  vocem 
sequemur.  6.  Profectus  est  in  Italiam.  7.  Ausus  est 
in  Ttaliam  proficisci. 

364.  I.  The  children  wonder  at  the  flowers.  2.  They 
were  wont  to  perform  tasks.  3.  We  all  rejoiced  in  that 
victory.^  4.  Having  been  set  free,  he  rejoiced.  5.  They 
have  dared  nothing.  6.  The  general  trusted  in  the  valor 
of  his  soldiers. 

365.  I.  Quivis^  sermone  sapientium  fruitur.  2.  Frui- 
mur  luce  quae  a  Deo  nobis  datur.  3.  Pueri,  bene  et 
fideliter  functi  estis  vestro  penso.  4.  Nostri  secuti  hostis 
interfecerunt  magnum  numerum.  5.  Aliquis  ausus  est 
meis  libris  uti.  ^6.  Tibi  fisus  tuum  consilium  secutus  sum. 
7.  Imperator  victoria  militum  gavisus  est.  8.  Milites 
itinera  tribus  diebus  longiora  facere  soliti  sunt.  9.  Time- 
bam  ne  puer  istis  libris  non  cum  cura  uteretur.  to.  Le- 
niore  aere  frui  soliti  eramus.  11.  Putavimus  hostis 
nostris  castris  potituros  esse. 

366.  I.  The  soldiers  dared  to  follow,  trusting  in  their 
leader.  2.  We  see  that  you  have  followed  bad  advice, 
and  that  you  will  be  punished.*  3.  Our  men  will  get 
possession  of  the  mountain  and  the  plain.  4.  In  the 
camp  were  found  three  hundred  hostages,  whom  the 
victors  set  free.  5.  The  Romans  wondered  at  the  great 
stature*  of  the  Germans.  6.  The  army  set  out^  for®  the 
territories  of  the  Belgae,  and  made  a  march  of  ten  days. 

1  See  132.  *  Size  of  body. 

*  See  308,  b.  *  Express  by  a  participle. 

•  Pfinitum  iri.  •  Use  in. 


COLLOQUIUM.  145 


367.  Colloquium, 

Pater  et  Filiolus. 
P.   Ades,  mi  filiole,  et  mihi  ostende  libellum  istum. 

little  book 

F.    Eccum,    care    pater,    si    libellum    Latinum    videre 
cupis.  ^"•■^'^" 

p.    Quod  pensum  tibi  hodie  imperavit  praeceptor  ? 

impose  teacher 

F.    Pensum  de  verbis  deponentibus  quae  ad  coniuga- 
tiones  omnis  pertinent.  deponent 

belong 

P.   Quam  ob  rem  sic  appellantur  ista  verba  ? 

wherefore  so 

F.    Quia  formam  activam  et  significationem  passivam 

form  meaning 

plerumque  deposuerunt.     Sic  nos  praeceptor  docuit. 

generally  lay  aside  has  taught 

P.   Quod  autem  pensum  in  crastinum  diem  imperavit 

praeceptor?        ^"'  ^°''  to-morrow  has  imposed 

F.    Ad  haec  addidit  praeceptor  alia  multa.     At  tu,  mi 

has  added  but 

pater,  Latinae  linguae  iam  puer  studebas  ? 

already 

P.    Certe,  filiole,  idque  vehementer. 

right  hard 

F.    Num   ego,  si    diligenter   studuero,   eruditus  ut  tu 

-  ;>  learn  learned  as 

P.   Vix    tam    eruditus.       At    iam    tibi    eundum    est 

dormitum.  "°*  must  be  going 

to  bed 


146  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


LESSON   LVIII. 
Irregular  Verbs  volo,  nolo,  niiilo. 

Dative  with  Intransitive  Verbs. 

I  volo,  velle,  VOlui,  be  willing^  wish,  will. 
nolo,  nolle,. nolui  [ne,  volo],  be  unwilling,  will  not. 
malo,  malle,  malui  [magis,  vol5],  be  more  willing, 
prefer,  would  {should)  rather. 

368.    Learn  the  conjugation  of  volo,  nolo,  malo,  omitting 
the  perfect  subjunctive  (519). 


369.  I.  Vult  venire;  dicit  se  velle  venire.  2.  Nolunt 
sequi ;  dixerunt  se  nolle  sequi.  3.  Vis  discere  ;  scimus 
te  velle  discere.  4.  Voluimus  scire.  5.  Noluisti  audire. 
6.  Accidit  ut  vellet  custodire.  7.  Dicitur^  hoc  donum 
-maluisse.  8.  Putantur  voluisse.  9.  Volens'aut  nolens ^^,^^ 
illud  pensum  faciet.  10.  Mavult  reduci.  11.  Norl  vultis 
instrui.     12.  Noli^  terreri.     13.  Nolite  ^  circumvenlri. 


.-/ 


370.  I.  Do  not  (sing.)  fear.  2.  Do  not  (//.)  wonder. 
3.  Do  not  punish.  4.  You  wish  to  be  guarded.  5.  You 
{sing.)  are  unwilling  to  be  guarded.  6.  He  prefers  to  be 
set  free.  7.  He  is  unwilling  to  be  bound.  8.  It  happens 
that  he  is  unwilling  to  come.  9.  We  want  to  enjoy  the 
light.     10.  We  prefer  to  perform  the  task. 

1  He  is  said.  *  Do  not. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS.  147 

371.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Iste  liber  mihi  placet  maxime,  that  book  of  yotirs 
pleases  me  very  much. 

2.  Aliqui  suis  amicis  nocent,  sotne  people  injure  their 
own  friends. 

3.  Legibus  parere  debemus,  we  ought  to  obey  the  laws. 

4.  Fratri  persuadet  ut  hoc  faciat,  he  persuades  his 
brother  to  do  this. 

a.  Observe  that  the  verbs  placed,  noceo,  pared,  and  persua- 
ded are  intransitive  and  govern  the  dative,  while  the  English 
equivalents  are  transitive.  The  same  is  true  of  a  number  of 
other  Latin  verbs. 

372.  Rule.  —  Most  verbs  -meaning  to  favor, 
please,  believe,  trust,  help,  and  their  opposite^, 
also  to  persuade,  command,  obey,  sei^ve,  resist, 
pardon,  and  spare,  and  the  lihe,  govern  the 
dative. 

373.  Vocabulary. 

credo,  -ere,  credidi,  creditus,  placeo,  -ere,  placui,  placitus, 

believe.  be  pleasing  to,  please. 

faveo,    -ere,    favi,    fauturus,  

favor.  cor-rigo,  -ere,   -rexi,    -rectus 

noceo,  -ere,  nocui,  nocitunis,  [com,  rego],  correct. 

do  harm  to,  injtire.  pro-gredior,    -gredi,  -gressus 

parco,  -ere,  peperci,  parsus,  ^Mvci\%x2idlo\\,  go  forward., 

spare.  advance,  progress. 

per-suadeo,  -ere,  -si,  -suasus,  .  provincia,  -ae,  f.  province. 

persuade. '^:>.- J-^  l::,^-^^^  J C^OOJ;'_quod,  conj.  because. 


374.    I.  Cur   mihi    persuadere    vultis    ut    in    hortum 
veniam?     2.  Te    in    hortum    venire    volumus    ut   fontes 


148  IRREGULAR    VERBS. 

arboresque  videas.  3.  Puer  usus  magistri  libris  nihil 
discebat.  4.  Sua  ^  cuique  placent.  5.  Isti  fabulae  cre- 
dere non  possum.  6.  Aliorum  vitia  vituperare  malumus 
quarri  nostra  corrigere.  7.  Milites  urbe  potiti  neque 
mulieribus  neque  liberis  pepercerunt.  8.  Noli  amicorum 
patientia  abuti.  9.  Et  sibi  et  rei  publicae  nocebit,  si 
longius^  progredietur.  10.  Milites  gavisi  sunt  quod  urbe 
cum  omni  praeda  potiti  erant. 

375.    I.  The  whole  province  favored  Pompey  alone.'' 

2.  We    cannot    follow   the    enemy   without    great   peril. 

3.  That  night  was  without  a  moon,  so  that  we  could  not 
see.     4.  Why  are  you  unwilling  to  perform     your  tasks  ? 

5.  Why  do   you  wish   ta  injure   me,  your  best  friend  t 

6.  The  boy,  though  often  warned,  was  not  wont  to  cor- 
rect his  faults.  7.  We  wish  to  go  forward  to  the  end 
of  the  journey.  8.  Any  one  you  please  would  rather  be 
loved  than  feared. 

1  His  own  {things).      2  jjee  194,  c.      3  See  291. 


Testudo. 


READING  LESSON.  149 

LESSON  LIX. 

376.  Reading    Lesson. 

Ars  Memoriae. 
Themistocles  fuit  vir  ingeni  magni.  Olim  eruditus 
homo  ad  eum  venit  artemque  memoriae  eum  docere 
voluit.  "  Haec,^  inquit,  "ars  facere  potest  ut  omnia ^ 
memoria^  teneas."  Themistocles  autem,  "  Magis,"  in- 
quit,  "mihi  ta  placebis,  si  me  oblivisci  multa^  docueris." 

377.  Cerva  et  Vitis. 

dim  cerva,  quae  celerrime  fugiebat  ut  venatorum  e 
manibus  se  eriperet,  sub  vitem  se  condidit.  Interea 
venatores  sequentes,  longius  progrediuntur.  Cerva 
autem  non  iam  timens  venatores  incipiebat  foHa  vitis 
carpere.  FoHa  agitantur,  quod  vident  venatores  et  sta- 
tim  reveniunt.  Mox  sentiunt  ibi  bestiam  aUquam  sub 
foliis  latere  et  sagittis  cervam  vulnerant.  Brevi  tempore 
misera  bestia  vulneribus  ^  moritur,  sed  moriens  dlcit, 
"  lijstas  do  poenas,  nam  huic  viti,  quae  me  tegebat, 
nocere  non  debui.^ 

378.  I.  Once  upon  a  time  a  deer,  fleeing  swiftly, 
escaped  from  the  hunters.  2.  Hiding  under  a  vine, 
she  nibbled  the  leaves.  3.  But  the  hunters,  who  had 
gone  on  too  far,  soon  came  back.  4.  They  saw  the 
leaves  shake,^  and  thought  something  was  hiding  there. 

5.  With  their  arrows   they  wounded  the  poor  creature. 

6.  "  My  punishment  is  just,"  says  she,  while  dying,  "  for 
by  nibbling  I  hurt  the  vine  which  protected"^  me." 

1  With  ars.  ^  /  ought  not  to  have  injured. 

2  How  are  omnia  and  multa  ^  Passive  infinitive. 

used,!*      *  See  84.      *  See  132.  '^  Express  by  participle  of  tego. 


150  CUM-CLAUSES. 

379.  Vocabulary. 

autem,   conj.  (never  the  first  iustus,  -a,  -um,  jusi. 

word),  but,  however.  lateo,    -ere,    latui ,  lurk, 

;  bestia,  -ae,  f .  beast,  creature.  lie  hid. 

carpo,  -ere,   -si,   -tus,  ^luck,  morior,  mori,  mortuus  sum, 

nibble.  die. 

celeriter,  adv.  swiftly.  obliviscor,    -i,   oblitus    sum, 

cerva,    ae,  f.  deer,  hind.  forget. 

doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  teach.  re-venio,    -ire,    -veni,    , 

do  (dare,  etc.)  poenas,  suffer  come  back,  return. 

punishntent.  sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl., 

e-ripio,  -ere,  eripui,   ereptus  up  to,  under. 

[rapio],   seize,   snatch;    se  venator,  -oris,  m.  hunter. 

eripere,  escape.  vitis,  -is,  f.  (viti-),  vine. 


LESSON    LX. 
Clauses  introduced  by  cum,  when, 

380.  Learn  the  pluperfect  subjunctive  of  sum,  and  of  the 
model  verbs  in  the  active  and  passive. 

381.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Cum  Caesar  in  Galliam  Venit,  Aedui  Romanfs  amici 
erant,  when  Caesar  came  into  Gaul,  the  Aeduans  were 
friendly  to  the  Romans. 

2.  Id  DOS  faciemus,  cum  tu  domum  veneris,  we  shall  do 
this  when  you  come  {shall  have  come)  home. 

3.  Cum  frumenti  copia  in  agris  esset,  ezercitus  pro- 
fectus  est,  when  there  was  an  abundance  of  grain  in  the 
fields^  the  army  set  out. 

4.  Dux,  cum  castra  munita  essent,  ad  hostis  propera- 
vit,  when  the  camp  had  been  fortified,  the  commander 
hastened  against  the  enemy. 


CUM -CLAUSES.  151 

a.  Observe  the  mood  and  tenses  in  i  and  2,  in  the  cum- 
clause  ;  then  the  same  in  3  and  4. 

382.  Rule.  —  In  a  cum-clause  expressing  time, 
the  verb  is  in  the  subjunctive  if  the  tense  is 
the  ^imperfect  or  pluperfect ;  ,  otherwise,  in  the 
indicatvde]^  "%  ^^    ^J^  J^-'^. 

383.  Vocabulary. 

ab-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itvuuB,  go  fro7n,  im-pudens,  -entis  [in,  not,  pu- 

go  away,  go  off  (520).  dens,  fnodesf],  bold,  brazen, 

ali-quando,    adv.    [alius],    at  impudent. 

some  time,  o?tce.         '\^inaid.  iiissu,  m.  (only  abl.),  by  order. 

ancnia,   -ae,   f.   inaid-s.erva}it,  munus,  -eris,  n.  duty,  office. 

captivus,  -i,  m.  captive.  post,  prep,  with  ace,  after,  be- 

ex-clamo,    -are,    -avi,    -atus,  hind;  as  adv.,  afterwards, 

cry  out,  exclaim.  quaero,  -ere,  quaesivi,  quae- 

hic,  adv.  here,  hereupon.  situs,  ask  for,  inquire. 
re-spondeo,  -ere,  -di,  -sponsus,  answer,  reply,  respond. 

384.  1.  Cum  iussi  essent  dicere,  unus  incepit.  2.  Mi- 
lites,  cum  oppidum  ceperunt,  omnis  incolas  interfecerunt. 
3.  Milites,  cum  oppidum  cepissent,  omnis  incolas  interfe- 
cerunt. 4.  Cum  ei ,  fabulani  narrarem,  subito  ridebat. 
5.  Imperator  nuntioi' duce  ^  usus  exercitum  per  silvas 
duxit.  6.  Captivus,  cum  iussia  imperatoris  nomen  quae- 
reretur,  nihil  respondit.  7.  Victor!  nomen  captivi  quae- 
renti,  nihil  est  responsum. 

385.  Nasica  et  Ennius. 

Nasica  aliquando  ad  poetam^  Ennium  venit  et  eum 
quaesivit.  Ei  ^  quaerenti  ancilla  respondit  Ennium  domi 
non  esse.     Nasica  sensit  illam  *  domini  iiissu  hoc  dixisse 

1  As  guide.  ^  To  him,  \.e.,  Nasica. 

a  That  is,  to  the  house  of  the  poet.  *  That  she.     See  245,  a. 


152 


CUM-CLAUSES. 


et  Ennium  domi  esse.  Paucis  post  diebus,  cum  ad  Nasi- 
cam  venisset  Enhius  et  eum  quaereret,  exclamat  Nasica 
se  domi  non  esse.  Tum  Ennius,  "Quid?  ego  non 
cognosco,"  inquit,  "vocem  tuam  ?  "  Hie  Nasica  :  "  Homo 
es  impudens.  Ego,  cum  te  quaererem,  ancillae^  tuae 
dicenti  te  domi  non  esse  credidi ;  tu  mihi  ipsi  non 
credis  V 

386.  I.  When  Nasica  came  to  Ennius,  the  latter'^  did 
not  wish  to  see  him.  2.  Therefore,  Ennius  wished  the 
maid  to  say  that  he  was  not  at  home,  when  Nasica  should 
ask^  for  him.*  3.  He  did  not  fear  that  Nasica  would  not 
believe  the  maid.  4.  Did  the  maid  perform  her  duty  in  * 
obeying  her  master?  5.  When  Nasica  had  asked  for 
his  friend,  the  poet,  he  went  away.^  6.  He  went  away 
wondering.  .  - 


1  Depends  on  credidi  (372), 
and  has  dicenti  in  agreement 
with  it. 

2  See  100.  e. 


3  Plup.  subjunctive. 

4  Se,  not  eum.         ^  Omit. 
6  abiit. 


Calcei. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE. 


153 


LESSON  LXI. 


Ablative  Absolute. 


387. 


Model  Sentences. 


I .  V  e  n  t  o  fa 
vente,  navis  in  por 
turn  venit, 


2.  Consul,  pace 
facta,  Romam  ve- 
nit, 


3.    Te  duce  hos- 
tiB  vincemus, 


4.  Augustus, 
Cicerone  consule, 
natus  est^ 


{the  wind  favoring^         1    ,        ... 
,   -^   .    ,  ,'^'  \the   ship   cai 

whefi  the.  wind  favored,  >      .   .     ,     . 
.  ,    ,  into  port. 

With  a  favoring  wind,  J 

peace  having  been  made,  "^ 
when  (or  after^  peace 

had  been  made, 
because  peace  had  been 

made, 
,  having  made  peace, 

(you  {being^  leader,        '\ 
since  you  are  our  leader, 
nfyou  are  our  leader,      j^ 
\inder  your  leadership, 
.  with  you  for  a  leader,   J 

{Cicero  (beinjA  consul,     "1     . 
X                     ,          Augustus  was 
when  C.  was  consul,       V      ^ 
in  the  consulship  of  C, 


the  consul  came 
to  Rome. 


we  shall  defeat 
the  enemy. 


born. 


a.  Observe  that  in  i  and  2  a  noun  and  a  participle  are  put 
in  the  ablative  to  express  the  time,  cause,  or  some  other  cir- 
cumstance of  the  action  of  the  main  verb.  In  3  and  4  the 
participle  is  wanting,  as  the  verb  sum  has  no  present  participle. 
In  3  a  noun  and  a  pronoun  are  used  ;  in  4,  two  nouns.  An 
adjective  and  a  noun  may  be  used  in  the  same  way. 

b.  Observe  that  the  noun  or  pronoun  in  the  ablative  is  never 
the  same  as  the  subject  or  object  of  the  main  verb.  The  words 
in  the  ablative  are  cut  off  grammatically  from  the  rest  of  the  sen- 
tence, hence  this  ablative  is  called  the  Ablative  Absolute. 


154  ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE. 

388.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  ah  solute  is  used  to 
express  the  time,  cause,  condition,  or  some  other 
circumstance  of  the  action  of  the  main  verb. 

c.  Observe  the  various  renderings  of  the  ablative  absolute. 
The  literal  translation  is  given  first  in  each  case,  but  this  ought 
seldom  or  never  to  be  done  in  rendering  Latin  into  English, 
except  to  show  that  the  construction  is  understood. 

d.  In  the  second  sentence  notice  the  difference  between  the 
Latin  and  English  idioms.  We  may  say,  the  consul,  having 
made  peace,  came  to  Rome;  but  the  Latin  has  no  perfect 
participle  corresponding  to  having  made,  therefore,  the  perfect 
passive  participle  must  be  used  in  the  ablative  with  pace.  The 
same  idea  might  be  expressed  by  a  clause  with  cum. 

e.  From  the  nature  of  deponent  verbs  (passive  form  with 
active  meaning),  it  will  be  seen  that  the  English  perfect  active 
participle  {having  made,  etc.)  can  be  directly  expressed  in  Latin, 
only  when  there  is  a  deponent  verb  of  the  right  meaning  :  Caesar 
having  set  out,  Caesar  profectus. 

389.  Vocabulary. 

a-gnosco, -ere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus  ex-specto,    -are,    -avi,   -atus, 

[ad],  recognize.  await,  wait  for,  expect. 

ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before.  Germanus,  -i,  m.  a  German, 

Cato,  -onis,  m.  Cato.  gloria,    -ae,    f.   glory,    fame, 

co-hortor,    -ari,    -atus     sum  renown. 

[com],    exhort,     urge,     en-  Marius,  -i,  m.  Marius. 

courage.  oc-cido,    -ere,    -cidi,    -cisus 

conficio,      -ere,     -feci,     -fee-  [ob,  caedo,  <:«/],  slay,  kill. 

tus      [facio],      accomplish,  signum,     -i,     n.    sign,    signal, 

finish.  standard. 


390.    I.   Hannibal,  montibus  superatis,^  in  Italiam  ve- 
nit.     2.  Hannibal,  viso  fratris  occisi  capite,  "Agnosco," 
^  Having  passed  over. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE, 


155 


inquit,  "fortunam  Carthaginis."  3.  Equites,  equis  incita- 
tis,  impetum  fecerunt.  4.  Caesar  milites  paucis  vocibus 
cohortatus,  signum  proeli  dedit.  5.  Labienus,  monte 
occupato,  nostros  exspectabat.  6.  Labienus,  cum  montem 
occupavisset,  nostros  exspectabat.  7.  Catone  mortuo, 
nulla  iam  ^  fuit  res  publica.  •  8.  Hoc  oppidum,  paucis 
defendentibus,^  Caesar  expugnare  non  potuit.  9.  Belgae 
magna  in  bello  gloria  *  potiti  putabant  se  feliciter  dimica- 
turos.  10.  Consiliis  eorum  cognitis  Caesar  castra  movit, 
et  magno  *  itinere  facto  eos  fugavit. 


391.  I.  We  shall  be  victors  under  the  leadership  of 
Caesar.  2.  Caesar  was  wont  to  encourage  his  men 
before  a  battle  in  a  fe^y  words.  3.  After  hostages  had 
been  given,  peace  was  made  with  the  Gauls.  4.  Since 
the  war  was  finished,  Caesar  returned  into  Hither  Gaul. 
5.  In  the  consulship  of  Marius  the  Germans  were 
defeated  in  a  great  battle.  6.  When  Marius  ^  had  been 
made  consul,  he  defeated  the  Germans  in  a  great  battle. 
7.  The  brave  soldier,  having  performed^  his  duty,  did 
not  fear  blame. 


^  Nulla  iam  =  no  longer  any. 
2  Translate  though,  etc. 


8  See  361. 


*  Forced. 


s  Latin  order  :    Marius,  when 
he,  etc. 

6  Why  not  in  the  ablative  ."* 


Pharetra  cum  Sagittis. 


156  READING  LESSON. 

LESSON  LXII. 

392.  Reading   Lesson. 

Gallia  Pacata. 

Omni  Gallia  pacata,  tanta  huius  belli  fama  ad  barbaros 
perlata  est  ut  ab  Germanis,  qui  trans  Rhenum  incolebant, 
mitterentur  legati  ad  Caesarem,  qui  se  obsides  daturos  ^^^^^ 
pollicebantur,  nam  timebant  ne  Caesar  suam  terram 
vastaret.  Quos  legates  Caesar,  quod  ^  in  Ttaliam  prope- 
rabat,  inita  proxima  aestate^  ad  se  reverti  iussit.  Ipse, 
legionibus  in  hiberna  ductis,  in  Ttaliam  profectus  est. 
His  rebusf  gestis  ex  litteris  *  Caesaris  supplicatio  dies 
quindecim  decreta  est,  quod*  ante  id  tempus  accidit 
nulli.  . 

ft...'c.  ^^  iwu..v>.>^--   ^^  *-^  it,c/^  ^6wi>t . 

393.  I.  So  great  was  Caesar's  last  victory  that  after 
the  battle  had  been  fought^  all  the  Gauls  gave  hostages. 

2.  After  Further  Gaul  was  subdued,  Caesar  set  out  for 
Hither  Gaul,  and  the  army  returned  to  winter  quarters. 

3.  When  summer  had  begun,^  the  deputies  returned  to 
Caesar.  4.  "Have  you,"  said  he,  "done  those  things 
which  I  ordered?"  5.  They  replied  that  they  had 
obeyed  all  his  orders.  6.  So  great  was  the  joy  at  Rome 
on  account  of  Caesar's  victories  that  a  thanksgiving  was 
decreed. 

1  Not  the  relative.  8  On  account  of  the  despatches. 

^  The   next    summer    having  *  The  relative   is  neuter,  be 

begun  =  at  the  beginning  of  the  cause  it  refers  to  a  clause. 

next  summer ;   marks,  the  time  *  Use  a  form  of  facio. 

of  reverti.  *  Express  in  two  ways. 


COMPOUNDS  OF  SUM.  157 

394.  Vocabulary. 

de-cemo,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus,  ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account  of. 

decide^  determine,  decree.  paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pax], 

hiberna,      -onim,      n.      (pi.)  make  quiet,  subdue. 

[hiems],    winter    quarters  per-fero,  -ferre,   -tuli,   -latua, 

(castra  understood).  spread  abroad  (521). 

imperatum,    -i,    n.     [impero,  polliceor,     -eri,    -itus     sum,, 

comfnand'],      order,      com-  promise, 

mand.  re-vertor,  -i,  reverti,  reversua 

in-colo,     -ere,     -colui,     — —  ,     (deponent  in  pres.,  impf .  and 

[incola],  dwell;  inhabit.'  fut.),  turn  back,  return. 

in-eo,    -ire,    -ii,    -itus,  go    in,  supplicatio,  -onis,  f.  thanks- 
begin  (520).  giving. 

LESSON    LXIII. 
Compounds   of   Sum. 

Dative  with  Compounds.  —  Dative  of  Service. 

395.  Possum  has  been  already  treated  in  Lesson 
XLVII.  The  other  compounds  of  sum  are  inflected 
like  sum,  except  prosum.  Prosum  is  compounded 
of  prod  (old  form  of  pro, /<?r)  aad  sum.  The  d  of 
prod  is  retained  before  e.     See  517,  5ia 

396.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Ipse  dux  suis  militibus  aderat,  the  general  himself 
helped  his  soldiers. 

2.  Quis  equitatui  praefuit  ?  who  was  in  command  of  the 
cavalry  ? 

3.  Caesar  decimae  legionis  pedites  equis  imposuit,  Caesar 
mounted  the  foot-soldiers  of  the  tmth  legion  on  horses. 


.IA\ 


158  COMPOUNDS  OF  SUM. 

a.  Observe  in  the  model  sentences  illustrations  of  a  com- 
mon use  of  the  dative.  Many  verbs  compounded  with  certain 
prepositions  are  intransitive  in  Latin,  and  govern  the  dative. 
The  corresponding  English  verbs  are  often  transitive. 

397.  Rule.  —  Many  verbs  compounded  with  ad, 
ante,  con,  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prae,  pro,  sub,  and 
super,  govern  the  dative. 

a.  All  the  compounds  of  sum,  except  absum  and  possum, 
govern  the  dative. 

b.  The  dative  governed  by  these  verbs  does  not  depend 
upon  the  preposition  in  the  compound,  but  is  the  indirect 
object  of  the  compound  verb. 

398.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Milites  ibi  erant  praesidio,  the  soldiers  were  there  as 
a  defence  {for  a  defence). 

2.  Cui  bono  est?  whose  advantage  is  it f  {to  whom  is  it 
for  an  advantage?). 

3.  Hunc  librum  magister  mihi  praemio  dedit,  this  book 
the  master  gave  7ne  as  a  reward  {for  a  reward). 

a.  Observe  that  the  datives  praesidio,  bono  (used  as  a 
noun),  and  praemi5  indicate  the  end  or  purpose.,  that  for 
which  something  serves.  Hence  this  dative  is  called  the 
Dative  of  Service. 

399.  Rule.  —  The  dative  is  used  with  sum  and 
a  few  other  verbs  to  show  thq^t  for  which  a  thing 

serves,    \  •  ^  ^^  ;  ^/uJ^^'j  ■OVv\/-^- 

a.  This  dative  may  be  accompanied  by  another  dative,  as 
in  2  (cui),  and  3  (mihi),  of  the  person  or  thing  affected,  the 
ordinary  indirect  object  (28). 


COMPOUNDS  OF  SUM.  159 

400.  Vocabulary. 

Atheniensis,    -is,    m.    (Athe-  bellum    inierre,    make    war 

niensi-)      [Athenae],      an  upon,  with  dat.  (521).                    * 

Athenian.  mos,  -oris,  m.  custom,  manner.  I (^f^Ja 

auxilium,  -i,  n.  [augeo],  help,  per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through. 

aid;  plu.  auxiliaries.  praesidium,  -i,  n.  protection, 

in-fero,    -f6rre,    -tuli,    inlatus  defence. 

(ill-),    bring   upon,    cause;  schola,  -ae,  f.  school. 

COMPOUNDS   OF   SUm. 

ab-smn,  -esse,  afui,  afutums,  ob-sum,  -esse,  -hii,  ,  be 

be  away,  be  absent,  with  a  against,  injure,  hinder. 

or  ab  and  abL"^-'"!-     r  /     ?)^  prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be 

de-sum,  -esse,  -fui,   -futunis,  before,  be  at  the  head  of, 

be  fro7n,  be  wanting,  lack,  command. 

fail.  pro-sum,   prodesse,    -fui,  -fu- 

in-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be  in,  turns,  be  for,  be  useful  to, 

be  among.  btneft. 

iuter-Bum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  super-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be 

be  among,  be  present.  over,  be  left  over,  survive. 


401.  I.  Pater  timet  ne^  quid  ^  mali  filio  accidat. 
2.  Barbari  populo  Romano  bellum  inferebant.  3.  Non 
scholae  ^  sed  vitae  discimus.  4.  Iste  liber,  quem  tu 
mihi  proficiscenti  dedisti,  per  totum  iter  fuit  mihi  vo- 
luptati.  5.  Quis  pfraefuit  equitatui  quem  Aedui  Caesari 
auxilio  miserant .?  6.  Labienus,  hoc  loco  occupato, 
magnum  hostibus  terrorem  intulit.  7.  Pauci  Graecorum 
Atheniensibus  magno  in  periculo  venerunt  auxilio. 

*^     402.  De  Amicitia. 

In  vera  amicitia  magnum  inest  praesidium.     Amicus 
verus  adest  amico  neque  deerit  in  periculo.     Amico  pro- 
1  See  312,  note  6.  2  /i,^  school. 


160 


COMPOUNDS  OF  SUM. 


desse  dulce  est,  amico  deesse  turpe.  Amicus  fidus  non 
aberit  ab  amico  in  mala  fortiina.  Mores  mali  amicitiae 
obsunt.  ^Inter  homines  malos  vera  amicitia  non -interest. 
Cicero  consul,  cum  rei  publicae  praeesset,  amicis  multum  j>^ 
profuit.  Multae  epistulae  Ciceronis  et  eius  amicorum 
supersunt.  Prodeste  amicis.  Amicis  este  in  periculo 
praesidio. 


403.  I.  In  Hannibal  there  was  great  foresight  and 
bravery.  2.  He  was  long  absent  from  his  own  country, 
making  war  upon  the  Romans.  3.  He  commanded 
armies  in  Spain  and  Italy.  4.  He  was  present  at  many 
battles,  and  was  a  terror^  to  the  Romans.  5.  He  bene- 
fited his  country  in  many  ways.^  6.  But  his  enemies  in 
his  own  land  injured  him.  7.  Scipio  defeated  him  in 
battle  in  Africa.  8.  He  survived  this  battle  many  years. 
9- 


1  For  a  terror. 

2  Things.     See  168. 


*  Turn    the   sentence   round 
renown  will  never  be  wanting. 


CURRUS. 


THE  IRREGULAR    VERB  EO.  161 


LESSON  LXIV. 

The  Irregular  Verb  eo,  go. 

Principal  Parts  :  e5,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  iturus. 

Expressions  of  Place. ^Ablative  of  Separation. 

404.  Learn  the  conjugation  of  eo,  except  the  perfect  sub- 
junctive, the  gerund,  and  supine.     (520.) 

a.  The  root  is  i ;  observe  where  it  is  changed  to  e  in  the 
present  indicative  and  subjunctive,  and  in  the  present  participle. 

405.  The  following  prepositions,  which  take  the 
ablative,  have  been  used  in  preceding  exercises  : 

a  (ab),  a'way,fro7n;  by.  e  (ex),  otit  of ,  from. 

cum,  with.  pro,  before,  for. 

dJe,from^  concerning.  sine,  without. 

a.  These  are  the  common  prepositions  that  take  the  abla- 
tive. Most  other  prepositions  take  the  accusative  ;  but  in  and 
sub  are  sometimes  followed  by  the  ablative,  sometimes  by  the 
accusative. 

b.  In  after  verbs  expressing  motion  has  the  meanings  into, 
to,  towards,  for,  against,  and  takes  the  accusative. 

c.  In  after  verbs  expressing  rest  has  the  meanings,  in,  on, 
at,  and  takes  the  ablative. 

d.  Sub,  under,  up  to,  after  verbs  expressing  motion,  takes 
the  accusative ;  after  verbs  expressing  rest,  takes  the  ablative. 


162  THE  IRREGULAR    VERB  E6. 


406.     *  Models. 


fine 
lini 


oppido,  in  the  town. 
Italia,  in  Italy, 


ad  flumen,  to  the  river. 
in  urbem,  into  the  town. 
in    Italiam,    to    or    into 
Italy.  ,         J 


Athenis,  at  or  in  Athens. 
Arpini,  at  or  in  Arpinum. 
Carthagini,  at  or  in  Carthage. 
Romae,  at  or  in  Rome. 


Athenas,  to  Athens. 
Romam,  to  Rome.     . 


« . t\x>  A 


ex  diSJ^la, frofn  the^elds. ^AXhenlB,  from  Athens. 
ex  Italia,  frovt  Italy.     }  Roma,  frorn  Rome. 

a.  All  the  above  ways  of  expressing  place  have  been  illus- 
trated in  preceding  lessons,  and  are  familiar  to  the  learner, 
except  the  last  (Athenis,  Roma).  Observe  that  in  the  first 
column  a  preposition  is  used  in  every  expression  of  place, 
while  in  the  second  column  (names  of  towns  only)  no  prepo- 
sition is  used. 

b.  Again,  observe  in  the  first  column  how  (i)  place  where 
is  expressed,  (2)  place  whither,  (3)  place  whence,  and  com- 
pare, group  by  group,  with  the  second  column, 

407.  Rule  for  names  of  towns: 
L   Place  where  is  expressed  by  the  locative. 

2.  Place  whiiner  is  expressed  by  the  accusative 

without  tb-^preposition. 

3.  Place    ivhence    is    expressed    by    the    ablative 

without  a  preposition.'    y     -^  yM  -  ;,4^jc/i^u?J 

a.  Domus,  home^  and  liis,  the  country,  have  the  construction 
of  names  of  towns.     So  also  names  of  small  islands. 


THE  IRREGULAR    VERB  E6. 


163 


408. 

domi,  at  home. 
domum,  (Jo)  home, 
domo,  from  home. 


Paradigm. 

riiri,  ift  the  country. 
nis,  to^  into  the  country. 
riire,  from  the  country. 


409.  Vocabulary. 

Alpes,  -ium,  f.  (Alpi-),  the 
Alps. 

arceo,  -ere,  -cui, ,  keep  off. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  greedy^  rapa- 
cious^ avaricioiis. 

careo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itunis,  lack^ 
be  in  want  of. 

de-fensor,  -oris,  m.  defender. 

ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  out. 

in-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  in, 
enter  on. 


-is,     m.     (mensi-). 


mensis, 
fnonth. 

nascor,  -i,  natus  sum,  be  born. 

red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [re-],  go 
back,  return. 

regnum,  -i,  n.  kingdom,  throne. 

spolio,    -are,    -avi,  -atus,   de- 
prive, rob,  despoil. 

trans-eo,    -ire,    -ii,    -itus,   go 
over,  cross. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  destitute  of. 


410.  I.  Voluerunt  ire  Corinthum.  2.  Nolunt  exire 
Athenls.  3.  Mavult  redire  Carthaginem.  4.  In  urbem 
ibunt.  5.  Eunt  Corintho.  6.  It  ex  urbe.  7.  lerunt  do- 
mum.    8.   Dixerunt  s§  domum  ituros.     9.   Redeunt  rus. 

10.  Dicit  me  rus  iturum.      11.  Timet  ut  eant  domum. 

411.  I.  We  shall  go  to  Rome.  2.  They  will  return 
from  Gaul.  3.  He  crossed.  4.  He  says  he  crossed. 
5.  They  enter.  6.  He  entered.  7.  We  are  unwilling 
to  enter.  ^8.  Don't  return  to  the  city,  9.  Remain  at 
Carthage.      10.    You  were  returning  from   the   country. 

11.  They  fear  that  he  will  return  to  the  country. 


^♦^.•>yr»i 


164  THE  IRREGULAR    VERB  EO. 

412.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Hoc  me  libera  ^erlcnlo,  free  me  from  this  danger. 

2.  Hie  homo  cibo  caret,  this  man  is  in  want  of  food. 

3.  Germani  Romanos  a  finibus  suis  arcebant,  the  Ger- 
mans kept  the  Ro7nans  off  from  their  lands. 

a.  Observe  the  use  of  the  ablative  to  denote  that  from 
which  there  is  freedom,  removal,  or  separation,  or  that  which 
is  lacking.  The  ablative  so  used  answers  the  question  from_ 
what?  -of  what?  and  is  called  the  Ablative  of  Separa- 
tion. The  ablative  of  place  whence^  with  or  without  a 
preposition,  is  an  aSlative  of  separation. 

413.  Rule.  —  Words  signifying  privation,  re- 
moval, or  separation  are  followed  hy  the  ablative, 
with  or  without  a  preposition. 


414.  I.  Legati  Roma  missi  Carthaginem  ierunt. 
2.  Hunc  ille  deus  a  suis  aris  arcebit.  3.  Cum  Milti- 
ades  insulam  quandam  non  posset  expugnare,  rediit 
Athenas.       4.    Alexander,    patre    mortuo,    regnum    iniit. 

5.  Ista   cura   liberatus   gaudebo   omnibus   cum  civibus. 

6.  Alpes  ante  Hannibalem  cum  exercitO  transiit  nemo. 

7.  Urbs  defensoribus  vacua  fuit.  8.  Avari  milites  aras 
spoliaverunt  donis.  9.  Helvetii  e  suis  finibus  exire 
voluerunt.     10.  Duobus  itineribus  domo  exire  poterant. 

415.  I.  We  removed  from  the  city  into  the  country. 
2.  When  we  had  remained  two  months  in  the  country  we 
returned  home.  3.  The  goddess  will  keep  the  Romans 
from  her  temple.  4.  My  boy,  that  horse  lacks  grain 
and  water.     5.  Cicero  was  born  at  Arpinum,  in  Italy. 


COLLOQUIUM,  165 

6.  From  Arpinum  he  removed  to  Rome,  in  which  city 
he  was  educated.  7.  Caesar  says  that  he  will  go  with 
the  tenth  legion  alone.     8.  My  friend  lacked  money. 

416.  Colloquium. 

TiTYRUS   ET    MeLIBOEUS. 

T.    Aliquis  ianuam  pulsat.     I,  puer,  aperi  ianuam. 

door  knock 

\_Meliboeus  trlstl  vultu  passibus  tar  cits  introit.'] 

steps  slow  enter 

Salve,  amice,  diu  me  non  adisti.     Cur  iste  tuus  vultus 

how  do  you  do  have  visited 

tristis .'' 

M.  Eheu  !  mi  Tityre,  abeo  e  mea  patria. 

go  away 

T.    C\xx  abis  1    Quo  abibis  ?    Noli  relinquere  haec  arva 
dulcia.  ^^'^^ 

pleasant. 

M.  Quid  tibi  vis  ?    Meos  agros  militibus  impiis  donavit 

what  would  you  have  me  do  wicked        give 

Octavianus.     Magna  pars  gregum  interiit.     Ipse  perii. 

flocks    have  perished.  am  undone 

T.    Minime,  amice  ;  adi  ad  Octavianum  ;  ille  est  benig- 
nus,  neque  vult  te  perire.     Tu  agros  recipies. 

to  be  ruined 

M.  Parvae  spes  mihi  sunt  redeundi ;  tamen  ibo,  ut  tu 

of  returning 

mones  ;  Octaviano  ad  pedes  me  proiciam. 

will  throw 

T.    Et  redibis  in  agros  tuos  ;  redibit  pax  aurea.     Vale, 
mi  Meliboee,  es  bono  animo. 

be  of  good  courage 

M.  Et  tu  vale,  bone  Tityre. 


.^M 


166  SEQUENCE   OF   TENSES,  —  QUESTIONS, 

LESSON  LXV. 
Sequence  of  Tenses.  —  Indirect  Questions. 

417.  Learn   the    perfect   subjunctive   of    the    model   and" 
irregular  verbs,  except  fero  and  fio. 

418.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Audio  ubi  sit  —  ubi  fuerit,  /  hear  where  he  is  —  where 
he  has  been^  or  was. 

2.  Audiam  ubi  sit  —  ubi  fuerit,  /  shall  hear  where  he  is 

—  where  he  has  been.,  or  was. 

3.  Audivero  ubi  sit  —  ubi  fuerit,  /  shall  have  heard  where 
he  is  —  where  he  has  been.,  or  was. 

4.  Audiebam  ubi  esset  —  ubi  fuisset,  /  was  hearing  where 
he  was  —  where  he  had  been. 

5.  Audivi  ubi  esset  —  ubi  fuisset,  I  heard  where  he  was 

—  where  he  had  been. 

6.  Audiveram  ubi  esset  —  ubi  fuisset,  /  had  heard  where 
he  was  —  where  he  had  been. 

a.  The  tenses  of  the  indicative  mood  are  grouped  in  two 
classes,  (i)  Those  of  the  first  group  above,  the  present,  future, 
and  future  perfect,  are  called  primary  tenses.  (2)  Those  of 
the  second  group,  the  imperfect,  perfect,  and  pluperfect,  are 
called  secondary  tenses.  Observe  now  the  tenses  of  the  sub- 
junctive: in  the  first  group  the  present  and  perfect;  in  the 
second  group  the  imperfect  and  pluperfect. 


419.  Rule.  —  A  primary  tense  in  the  main 
clause  is  followed  by  the  present  or  perfect 
subjunctive  in  the  dependent  clause,  and  a 
secondary  tense  by  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect 
subjunctive. 


SEQUENCE   OF   TENSES.  — QUESTIONS.  167 

a.  The  principle  of  the  sequence  of  tenses  has  been  already 
partially  illustrated  in  preceding  lessons. 

420.  Model  Se7itences. 

DIRECT    QUESTIONS.  INDIRECT    QUESTIONS. 

1.  Quia  ea?  who  are  you?  Scio  quia  aia,  I  know  who 

you  are. 

2.  Ubi  eramua  ?  where  Sciebam  ubi  eaaemua,  / 
were  we?                                         knew  where  we  were. 

3 .  Cur      prof ectua      eat  ?  Quaeaienint  cur  profectua 

why  did  he  set  out  ?  eaaet,  they  asked  why  he  had 

set  out. 

4.  Quem    vidiati  ?    whom  Scio  quem  videria,  /  know 

have  you  seen  ?  whom  you  have  seen. 

a.  Compare  each  of  the  sentences  in  the  left-hand  column 
with  the  corresponding  one  on  the  right.  Observe  that  each 
dependent  clause  in  the  right-hand  column  begins  with  an  in- 
terrogative word,  and  contains  the  substance  of  a  question, 
though  not  a  question  in  form.  Such  dependent  clauses  are 
called  Indirect  Questions.  Observe  the  mood  and  how  it 
is  translated. 

421.  Rule.  —  The  verb  of  an  indirect  question 
is  in  the  subjunctive. 

a.  The  commonest  interrogative  words  introducing  indirect 
questions  are  quis,  who?  ciir,  why?  num,  whether?  ubi, 
where?  quo,  whither?    unde,  whence?  quot,  how  many? 

b.  Num  in  a  direct  question  expects  the  answer  no,  as  nonne 
expects  the  answer  yes.  It  must  commonly  be  left  untrans- 
lated :  num  manibus  ambulas  ?  do  you  walk  on  your  hands  ? 
or,  you  don''t  walk  on  your  hands,  do  you?  In  an  indirect 
question  num  means  whether,  without  definite  expectation. 


168  SEQUENCE   OF  TENSES.  — QUESTIONS. 

422.  Vocabulary. 

ca^hinno,    -are,    ,    ,  inter-rogo,    -are,    -avi,  -atua, 

^^^  laugh  out  loud.  ask.,  inquire.,  question. 

dolor,  -oris,  m.  pain,  grief.  num,  adv.,  whether.     421,  b. 

infer!,   -orum,   m.   (pi.  of   in-  quot,  indecl.  how  many  ? 

-ferns),  inhabitants   of  the  stultus,  -a,  -Mm,  foolish, 

lower  world.  '  tot,  indecl.  so  many.      ;>  \AJvy^^'^ — 

unde,  adv.  whence,  where  from. 

interrogo,  ask  a  question,  itiquire,  and  nearly  limited  to  that 
sense  ;  followed  -by  the  accusative  of  the  person. 

quaero,  ask  a  question,  ask  for ;  also,  seek  to  gain,  seek  to 
know,  search  into;  followed  by  the  ablative  of  the  person 
with  a  (ab),  de,  e  (ex). 


423.  I.  Unde  veniebant  tot  milites  ?  2.  Amicus  a 
me  quaesivit  unde  venirent  tot  milites.  3.  Ille  puer 
parentibus  non  voluptati,^  sed  semper  erit  dolori.  4.  Die 
mihi  num  Alexander  a  proeliis  semper  al:^ierit  victor. 
5.  Flumen  ab  urbe  abest  octo  milia  passuum.  6.  Quot 
civitates  sunt  in  armis  ?  7.  Caesar  quaesivit  quot  civi- 
tates  essent  in  armis.  8.  Magister  interrogavit  quis 
esset  inferorum  deus.  9.  Hie  ^  quidam  puer  stultissimus 
cachinnabat.  10.  Labienus  milites  cohortatus  progressus 
est  ut  videret  qu^in  loco  barbari  flumen  transirent. 
II.  Equitatus  Caesari  auxilio  missus,  bel^o  confccto, 
domum  revertit.  12.  Num  templ-^^  spoliasse  ptofuit 
principibus  avaris  qui  exercitui  praefuerunt.' 

424.  I.  Tell  me  what  you  have  in  your  right  hand. 
2.  Nasica  asked  a  man  whether  he  had  been  accustomed 
to  walk  on  his  hands.  3.  Do  you  know  why  he  thus 
questioned  him  ?     4.  Because  his  hands  were  like  horn. 

1  See  399.  2  Hereupon^_  ^j;^  ^ 


l^ 


IRREGULAR    VERBS  FERO  AND  FIO.  169 

5.  We  know  why  he  is  laughing  aloud,  why  he  has 
been  wanting.  6.  Do  you  not  wonder  why  we  have  been 
praised?  7.  They  wondered  whether  he  had  been 
admonished.  8.  Caesar  asks  the  captives  how  many 
of  the  enemy  there  are. 


LESSON  LXVI. 

The  Irregular  Verbs  fero  and  fio. 

„  ,,  ffero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus,  bear,  carry,  endure. 

Principal  Parts:  4  ,._  \.    .   \    ^  \       \,     . 

l^fio,  fieri,  factus  sum,  be  made,  become. 

425.  Learn  the  conjugation  of  fero  and  fio,  omitting  the 
gerund  and  supine  (521,  520). 

a.  Observe  in  the  compounds  of  fer5,  as  they  occur,  the 
change  that  many  prepositions  undergo :  ab  +  fero  becomes 
aufero ;  ex  +  fero,  becomes  effero,  etc. 

b.  Fio  is  the  passive  of  facio.  The  i  is  long,  except  in  fit, 
and  when  followed  by  er. 

426.  Vocabulary. 

ab-duGo,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  con-fero,  -ferre,  -tuli,  conlatus 

lead  off,  abduct.  '    (coll-),  [com]  bring  together, 

ad-fero    (aff-),  -ferre,    attuli  collect. 

(adt),  adlatus   (all-),  bear  ef-fero,    -ferre,  extuli,  elatus 
to^  bring.  [©^J-  ^^^^  out,  carry  forth. 

apud,    prep.     w.    ace,    with,  ferox,  -oo\^,  fierce,  savage, 

among.  labor,  -oris,  m.  labor,  toil. 

au-fero,  -ferre,  abstuli,  abla-  muto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  change. 

tus  [ab(s)],  bear  off,  carry  patienter,  adv.  patiently. 

away.  Pluto,  -onis,  m.  Pluto,  god  of 

casus,  -us,  m.  [cado],  a  fall-  the  lower  world. 

ing,     chance,     misfortune,  Proserpina,  -ae,  f.  Proserpine, 
loss.  daughter  of  Ceres. 


170  IRREGULAR    VERBS  FERO   AND  FIO. 

427.  I.  Fert,  ferunt.  2.  Fit,  fiunt.  3.  Ferre,  fieri. 
4.  Auferet,  auferetur.  5.  Contulerant,  conlati  erant. 
6.  Abstuli,  abstulerunt.  7.  Fimus,  fiet.  8.  Tulisse, 
f actus  esse.  9.  Efferunt,  elati  sunt.  10.  Dicunt  se 
auxilium  adlaturos  esse.  11.  Hae  puellae  fiunt  dili- 
gentiores  illis  pueris.     12.  Eis  labor  fiet  voluptati. 

428.  I.  They  become  consuls.  2.  They  are  bearing 
arms.  3.  He  will  carry  away  money.  4.  He  says  he 
has  carried  away  money.  5.  We  have  brought  together 
corn.  6.  Bring  shields  for  defense.  7.  Take  care^  to 
become  good.     8.  He  took  care  to  become  good. 

429.  I.  Ferte  patienter  labores.  2.  Ferte  patienter^^*^ 
quae  mutari  non  possunt.  3.  Nolite  cupere  id  quod  fieri 
non  potest.  4.  Nemo  nascitur  sapiens,  nemo  casu  fit 
bonus.  5.  Cum  imperator  auxilium  militibus  defessis 
attulit,  omnes  gavisi  sunt.  6.  Auxilio  ab  imperatore 
militibus  defessis  adlato,  omnes  gaudebant.  7.  Fru- 
mento  in  unum  locum  conlato  usus  est  Caesar.  8.  Apud 
veteres  Romanes  ex  agricolis  fiebant  consules.  9.  "  Be- 
nignum  regem,"  inquit  deus,  "non  tulistis,  nunc  ferocem 
ferte."    i o.  Interrogavit  quot  ex  civibus  facti  essent  milites 

et  num  multi  proelio  interessent  et  superessent. 

430.  I.  We  shall  learn  to  bear  our  good  fortune 
well.  2.  They  bore  with  patience  that  which  they  could 
not  change.  3.  The  inhabitants  carried  their  all*  with 
them  out  of  the  town.  4.  The  soldiers  carried  away  all 
the  booty  from  the  captured  town.  5.  Who  will*  cross 
yonder  river  with  me  ?    6.  He  asks  who  will  cross  yonder 

1  Fac  ut.     See  312,  note  8.  ^  Omnia  sua.  '  Is  willing. 


COLLOQUIUM,  171 

river  with  him  ?  7.  Tell  me  why  Pluto  led  off  Proserpine. 
8.  He  led  her  off  that  she  might  become  his  wife'!'  9.  I 
know  not  where  ^  so  many  birds  come  from.^  10.  Keep 
them  off  from  my  vines,  so  that  they  may  not  do  harm. 

'^  wiXu^  ^  ^  Her? 

431.  Colloqtiium. 

Socrates  et  Rhadamanthus. 
R.  Tu,  nisi      fallor,  es  Socrates,  ille  Atheniensis. 

unless    I  am  mistaken 

S.    Recte  dicis.     Ego  sum  Socrates,  filius,  ut  ferunt, 
Sophronisci.  ^      "^^ 

R.   Cur  dicis  ut  ferunt^    Nonne  re  vera  es  filius  illius  ? 

_  in  truth 

6".    Ipse   quidem   nescio,    O    Rhadamanthe,  cuius   sim 

r-ij  indeed        not  know  am 

R.   Num    me     ludis,    Socrates?     Caveto.       Nonne    te 

mock  beware 

sapientem  dixit  oraculum  ? 

oracle 

S,    Ita  est ;  sed  qua  re  non  intellego,  nisi  quia  me  ipse 

yes  understand 

inscium  perspicio. 

ignorant       see  plainly 

R.  Quo  modo  aetatem  degisti  ? 

how  pass 

S.    Magna   ex  parte   loquebar    maximeque    de  virtute 

for  the  most  part         I  used  to  talk     especially 

quaerebam. 

inquired. 

R.  Mihi    de    virtute    explicate,    Socrates ;    per   breve 
tempus  tibi  aures  praebebo. 

.5.    Eheu !   Rhadamanthe,   istius  rei  sum  inscius,  nam 

alas 

mihi  explicare  poterat  nemo. 

was  able      no  one 

1  Where  .  .  .  from  =  unde. 


172         SUBJUNCTIVE   JN  RELATIVE    CLAUSES. 

R.  Minime    sapiens,    Socrates,    tu    mihi  videris.       At 


seem  but 


quid  hoc  loco  tibi  est  in  animo  facere? 

S.    Ante  omnia,  si  videbitur,  cum  Homero   velim    et 

seem  good  1  should  like 

Ulixe  et  aliis  clarissimis  Graeciae  principibus  loqui. 

to  talk. 

R.  Apage  igitur  ad  istas  manes. 

be  off         then  shades 


LESSON    LXVII. 
The  Subjunctive  in  Relative  Clauses. 

Cum  Causal  and  Concessive. 

432.  Model  Sentences. 

1 .  Gall!  legates  misenint  qui  pacem  peterent,  the  Gauls 
sent  deputies  to  sue  for  {who  should  sue  for^  peace.,     j^_ri'^' 'rt.i/^M»£ 

2.  Quia  est  tam  ineptus  qui  hoc  credat  ?  who  is  so  silly        v 
as  to  believe  (who  believes')  this  ?  \\}\,    H  .  KaA- 

.3.  Nihil  est  quod  te  delectare   possit,    there  is  fiothing 
that  can  delight  you. 

4.  O  quanta  vis  veritatis,  quae  se  defendat !  O  how  great 
the  power  of  truth  which  {since  it)  defends  itself! 

a.  Observe  in  i  and  2  that  the  relative  clause  has  precisely 
the  same  meaning  as  if  ut  were  used  in  place  of  qui.  In  i  the 
clause  is  one  oi  ptirpose,  in  2,  of  result. 

b.  Observe  in  3  that  the  relative  clause  characterizes  the 
antecedent.  In  such  cases  the  antecedent  is  usually  indefinite 
or  general. 

c.  Observe  in  4  that  the  relative  clause  denotes  cause  or 
reason,  quae  being  equivalent  to  cum  ea. 


SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  RELATIVE    CLAUSES.         173 

433.  Rule.  —  The  subjunctive  is  used  in  relative 
clauses  of  purpose,  result,  characteristic,  and 
cause, 

434.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Cum  amic!  adsint,  gaudemus,  since  our  friends  are 
here,  we  rejoice. 

2.  Cum  fortiter  pugnarent,  tamen  non  vicenint,  though 
they  fought  bravely,  still  they  did  not  conquer. 

a.  Notice  these  two  uses  of  cum.  In  i  it  denotes  cause  or 
reason  (as,  since),  in  2,  concession  (though,  although). 

435.  Rule.  —  The  subjunctive  is  used  with  cum 
causal  or  concessive.   ^'/JL^/^l' jj^<  /  O^     JiuvC^ 


436.  Vocabulary. 

ac-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ad,  i-gnoro,  -are,   -avi,  -atus  [in, 

causa],  blame,  accuse.  not  (g)no(sco)],  know  not, 

ad-eo,    adv.    to   that     degree,  be  ignorant. 

so.  mors,     mortis,     f.     (morti-) 

arduus,  -a,   -um,  steep j  diffi-  [morior],  death. ^  i- 

cult,  arduous.  per-mitto,  -CTe,  -misi,  -missus, 

con-sequor,  -i,  -secutus  sum,  allow,  permit. 

follow  up,  gain,  reach.  peto,  -ere,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  seek, 

cum,  conj.  wheti,  while;  as,  ask,  site  for. 

since  j'  though,  although.  re-cuso,      -are,      -avi,      -atus 

-^i^.    cumis,  -us,  m.  chariot,  wagon.  [causa],  decline,  refuse. 

ex-cuso,     -are,      -avi,     -atus  sus-tineo,    -ere,    -ui,    -tentus 

[causa],  excuse.  [sub,  teneo],  hold  up,  sus- 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  taste.  tain,  withstand. 

veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectus,  carry,  draw.    P^ss.  ride. 


437.    I.  Marcus  erat  priidens,  qui  vinum  non  gustaret. 
2.   Cum  ignorem  quis  sit  ille  homo,  ei  non  permittam  ut-'AXO 

--A-AA/lvaL  ,^^       ^^_     _^  ,    , 


174         SUBJUNCTIVE   IN  RELATIVE    CLAUSES. 

mecum  in  eodem  curru  vehatur.  3.  Magister  puerum 
graviter  accusavit  qui  penso  non  fungeretur.  4.  Quae 
cum  ita  sint/  supplicatio  decernetur.  5.  Neque  repertus 
est  quisquam  eorum  qui^  mori  pro  principe  recusaret. 
6.  Non  is^  sum  qui^  mortis  periculo  terrear.  7.  Caesar, 
acie  instructa,  equitatum  misit  qui  hostium  impetum  sus- 
tineret.  8.  Nihil  est  nobis  adeo  arduum  quod  non  vir- 
tute  consequi  possimus.  9.  Cum  ea  ita  sint,  tamen* 
vobiscum  pacem'faciam.  10.  Legati  ad  Caesarem  vene- 
runt  qui  se  de  superioris  temporis  ^  consilio  °  excusarent. 
II.  Ennius  erat  impudens  qui  se  non  esse  donii  diceret.  ' 

Several  of  the  following  sentences  may  be  translated' in  two 
ways. 

438.  I.  No  one  is  so  wise  that  he  knows  all  things. 
2.  Who  can  be  found  who  does  not  enjoy  the  light  of  the 
sun  ?  3.  Since  I  cannot  persuade  you  '  to  go,*  I  will  go 
myself.  4.  The  soldier  was  vehemently  accused  because 
he  would  not  fight.  5.  A  thanksgiving  was  decreed  for. 
Caesar  because  he  had  waged  war  successfully  in  Gaul. 
6.  Although  this  is  so,  still  we  do  not  fear  that  you  will 
taste  the  wine.  7.  You  are  not  the  person^  to  abuse  the 
patience  of  your  friends.  8.  There  were  some^°  who 
thought  that  Caesar  was  in  Italy. 

^  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  since  this  ^  On  a  former  occasion, 

{these  things)  is  so.  ^  Conduct. 

2  The  antecedent  implies  some  "  See  372. 

word  like  such,  such  as  to.  ^  Ut  with  subjunctive. 

3  The  person.  »  Cf.  437,  6. 
*  Tamen  indicates  the  mean-           ^^  Omit. 

ing  of  cum.  •  l^  ^»  Kj'^fL. , 


SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   WISHES  AND   APPEALS.      175 


LESSON  LXVIII. 

The  Subjunctive  in  Wishes  and  Appeals. 

439.    Learn  the  future  imperative  of  the  model  and  irregular 
verbs. 


440. 


"*    Model  Sentences. 
Wishes. 


I.    (Utinam)    pater    mox 
adsit, 


2.   Utinam     pater 
adesset, 


3.    Utinam 
adfuisset, 


pater      heri 


'  7nay  father    be    here     {come) 

soon  / 
I    hope   father    may    be    here 

(come)  soon  I 
oh,   that  father   may    be  here 

(come)  soon  / 

would  that  father  were  here 

now  / 
I  wish  father  were  here  now  / 
oh,  that  father  were  here  now  / 

(would  that   father    had  been 

here  yesterday  ! 
I  wish  father  had  been  here 

yesterday  / 
oh,  that  father  had  been  here 

yesterday  / 


441.  Rule.  —  Wishes  are  expressed  hy  the  sub- 
junctive with  or  without  utinam,  oh  that! 

a.  Utinam  is  often  omitted  with  the  present,   rarely  with 
other  tenses.     The  negative  in  wishes  is  ne,  not  non. 

b.  Observe  the  tenses  in  the  model  sentences.     In  which 
one  does  the  tense  indicate  that  the  wish  may  be  realized  ? 


176      SUBJUNCTIVE  IN   WISHES  AND   APPEALS. 

442.  Rule.  —  1.  Wishes  referring  to  the  future, 
irmnediate  or  more  remote,  are  expressed  hy  the 
present  subjunctive. 

2.  Wishes  referring  to  the  present  are  expressed 
hy  the  imperfect  subjunctive. 

3.  Wishes  referring  to  the  past  are  expressed 
hy  the  pluperfect  subjunctive. 

c.  The  subjunctive  in  wishes  is  called  the  Optative  Sub- 
junctive, from  opto,  wish. 

443.  In  appeals  and  commands  both  imperative 
and  subjunctive  forms  are  used,  as  illustrated  in  the 
following  paradigm  : 

444.  Appeals  and  Commands. 

Paradigm. 

POSITIVE.  NEGATIVE. 

moneam,  let  7ne  advise.  ne  moneam,  let  me  not  advise. 


mone,     1      ,   .     -f],^  ■>  noli  monere,  "1 

moneas,  /  '         '  ne  monueris,^ 

.      >,   7  ^  7  .         ,    .  _  ,       { let  him  not,  or 

moneat,     1  let  htm  advise^  or      ne  moneat,     J       ,      , 

monuerlt,  J      he  shall  advise.      ne  monuerit,  1  ' 

[^     advise. 

J  ^  J    .  _  _  { let  us  not  ad- 

moneamus,  let  us  advise.  ne  moneamus,  < 

L      vise. 

monete,  advise.  nolite  monere,  do  not  advise. 

( let  them  advise,  _                 ^      ( let  them  not, 

moneant,                    ,         ,    ,,  »©  moneant,                 ,        ,     ' 

.  ^  -i       or  they  shall  _                .  ^  <^     or  they  shall 

monuennt,                   -^  ne  monuennt,                -^ 

t.      advise.  \^    not,  advise. 

a.    In  the  subjunctive  of  appeals  and  commands  two  points 
should   be   noticed:    (i)  the   negative   is   ne,   as   in   wishes; 


SUBJUNCTIVE   IN   WISHES  AND   APPEALS.      Yll 

(2)  the  perfect  subjunctive  does  not  differ  in  meaning  from 
the  present. 

b.    The  common  form  of  negative  appeal  or  command  in  the 
second  person  is  noli  (nolite)  with  the  infinitive. 

445.  Vocabulary. 

ambulo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  walk,  prae-clarus,     -a,     -um,    very 

take  a  walk.  splendid,  glorious. 

beatus,  -a,  -mn,  happy.  sic,  adv.  so,  thus.            ^^^ 

colo,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  care  sto,  stare,  steti,  status,  stand. 

for,  till,  cultivate;  honor.  sub-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -\X^x&,go  under, 

in-columis,     -e,      unharmed,  go  up  to. 

safe^'A^^^y^^^^"^-  tango,     -ere,    tetigi,     tactus, 

numquam,  adv.  never.  ""^  -^->  .      touch. 

per-fruor,    -i,    -friictus    sum,  testudo,  -inis,  f.  covering  to 

enjoy  fully,  enjoy.  protect  besiegers,  testudo. 
tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  quiet,  peaceful,  tranquil. 


446.  I.  Valeant,  valeant  cives  mei  ;  sint  incolumes, 
sint  beat!  !  2.  Stet  haec  urbs  praeclara,  mihique  patria 
carissima  !  3.  Tranquilla  re  publica  mei  cives  perfruantur  ! 

4.  Utinam    Romani    virorum  fortium  copiam  haberent  ! 

5.  Reperti  sunt  duo  equites  Romani  qui  te,  Catilina, 
ista  cura  liberarent.  6.  Utinam  Catilina  omnis  secum 
suos  ex  urbe  eduxisset !  7.  Milites,  testudine  facta,  urbis 
murum  subierunt.  8.  Colitote  parentes,  legibus  paretote, 
amatote  amicos.  9.  Ne  miles  mortis  periculum  timeat. 
10.  Casus  tristis  Proserpinae  erat  magno  dolori  matri, 
quae  hoc  dixit  :  "  Eheu,  miserrima  Proserpina,  utinam 
numquam  e  domo  exiisses  !  lam  per  sex  menses  cuius- 
que  anni  non  eris  apud  me.  Sic  luppiter  decrevit.  Tum 
redeas  e  regno  tristi  quo  te  Pluto  ferox  rex  ille  abstulit." 


178  CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES. 

447.  I.  Let  us  send  a  messenger  to  Caesar  to  warn 
him  not  to  set  out.  2.  Touch  not  wine  ;  let  us  not  touch 
wine  ;  they  shall  not  touch  wine.  3.  Let  us  go  forth  out 
of  the  city  and  carry  our  all  ^  with  us.  4.  The  boy  wrote 
often  to  his  father  what  he  had  done.  5.  Would  that  my 
brother  were  living,  and  that  he  were  at  the  head  of  the 
army  !  6.  Oh,  take  a  walk  with  me  in  the  fields  to-day  ! 
7.  Would  that  I  had  taken  a  walk  with  you  in  the  fields 
yesterday ! 


LESSON    LXIX. 
Conditional  Sentences. 

448.  Sentences  consisting  of  two  clauses — a  con- 
dition introduced  by  si,  if,  or  nisi,  if  not,  unless,  and 
a  conclusion  —  are  called  Conditional  Sentences. 

449.  Model  Sentences. 

I.    Present  and  Past  Time. 
A.   Nothing  Implied. 

1 .  Si  hoc  facit,  bene  est,  if  he  is  doing  this,  it  is  well. 

2.  Si  hoc  faciebat,  bene  erat,  if  he  was  doing  this,  it  was 
well. 

.3.    Si  hoc  fecit,  bene  fuit,  if  he  did  this,  it  was  well. 

a.  By  "nothing  implied"  is  meant  that  there  is  nothing  in 
the  form  of  the  condition  to  indicate  whether  what  is  supposed 
is  true  or  not. 

1  See  430,  note  2. 


CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES.  179 

450.  Rule.  —  Conditional  sentences  referring  to 
present  or  past  time  and  implying  nothing  as  to 
fact  have  the  indicative  in  hath  clauses. 

B.  Contrary  Implied. 

4.  Si  hoc  faceret,  bene  esset,  if  he  were  doing  this^  it 
would  be  well. 

5.  Si  hoc  fecisset,  bene  fuisset,  if  he  had  done  this,  it 
would  have  been  well. 

b.  In  the  first  sentence  the  time  denoted  is  the  present. 
Evidently  the  time  would  be  the  same,  if  nunc,  now.,  were 
inserted. 

c.  By  "contrary  implied"  is  meant  that  the  form  of  the 
condition  indicates  that  what  is  supposed  is  not  true. 

451.  Rule. —  Conditional  sentences  referring  to 
present  or  past  time  and  contrary  to  fact  have 
the  subjunctive  in  both  clauses,  the  imperfect 
referring  to  present  time,  the  pluperfect  to  past 
time. 

11.   Future  Time. 

C.  More  Vivid  (Probable). 

1 .  Si  hoc  faciet,  bene  erit,  if  he  does  (=  shall  do)  this,  it 
will  be  well. 

2.  Si  hoc  fecerit,  bene  erit,  if  he  does  {=  shall  have  done) 
this,  it  will  be  well. 

D.  Less  Vivid  (Possible). 

3.  Si  hoc  faciat,  bene  sit,  if  he  should  do  this,  it  would 
be  well. 

a.  Observe  that  in  i  and  2  the  future  and  the  future  perfect 
are  translated  by  the  present.     The  form  of  2,  that  is,   the 


180  CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES. 

future  perfect,  may  be  used  when  the  supposed  future  act  must 
be  finished  before  the  conclusion  can  follow :  si  vicerit,  victoriae 
coronam  recipiet,  if  he  conqturs  {shall  have  conquered^^  he 
will  receive  the  crown  of  victory.  Note  the  form  of  transla- 
tion of  the  less  vivid  condition. 

452.  Rule.  —  Conditional  sentences  referring  to 
future  time,  if  inore  vivid,  take  the  future  or 
future  perfect  indicative ;  if  less  vivid,  take  the 
present  subjunctive  in  both  clauses. 

453.  Vocabulary. 

ac-cipio,  -ere,   -cepi,  -ceptus  mirabilis,  -e  [miror],  wonder- 

[ad,  capio],  receive,  accept.  ful,  strange. 

calceus,  -i,  m.  shoe  (p.  152).  ni-si,  conj.  if  710 1,  unless. 

Cincinnatus,  -i.  m.  Cincinnatus.  pro-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -posi- 

classis,  -is,  f.  (claBBi-),feet.  tus,  put  forward,  propose, 

creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  choose,  offer,  proclaim. 

appoint,  create.  propositum,  -i,  n.  [propono], 

dictator,     -oris,     m.    [dicto,  proposal,  offer. 

dico],  dictator.  talentum,  -i,  n.  talent,  a  sum 

dis-pertio, -ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus  of  money  ($1132). 

[partio,     divide'],      divide,  tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bear, 

share.                         [again.  endure,  tolerate. 

itenim,    adv.    a  second  time,  vestimentum,  -i,  n.   [vestio], 

Milo,  -onis,  m.  Milo.  clothing;  vesture. 


454.   I.  Dux  iubet,  miles  paret  ;  si  non  paret,  poenam 
dat.     2.  Si  saluti  patriae   profueris,    tibi   ipsi   proderis. 

3.  Utinam  f rater  meus  viveret  et  classi  iterum  praeesset ! 

4.  Cum  eo  die  Milo  in  senatu  fuisset,  domum  venit,  ves- 
timenta  et  calceos  mutavit.  5.  Non  profectus  essem,  nisi 
Caesar  iussisset.     6.  A  Romanis,  si  urbs  magno  in  peri- 


CONDITIONAL   SENTENCES.  181 

culo  erat,  dictatores  creabantur.  7.  Cincinnatus  ab  aratro 
vocatus  est  qui  esset  dictator.  8.  Cum  hostis  fugavisset 
Romamque  periculo  liberasset,^  domum  revertit. 

455.  Alexander  et  Parmenio. 

Dareus,  Persarum  rex,  decern  milia  talentorum  Alex- 
andre dare  voluit,  si  Asiam  secum  dispertire  volebat. 
Alexander  autem  ei  respondit,  "  Nisi  orbis  terrarum  duos 
soles  tolerare  potest,  duos  reges  Asia  non  tolerabit." 
Parmenio,  qui  unus  ex  amicis  Alexandri  erat,  Darei 
proposito  audito,  "  Ego,"  inquit,  "  si  Alexander  essem, 
hoc  propositum  acciperem."  Cui  Alexander :  "  Et  ego, 
si  Parmenio  essem,  acciperem." 

456.  I.  If  Alexander  should  conquer  Asia,  would  it 
endure  two  kings  1  2.  If  he  conquers  Asia,  will  it  endure 
two  kings  ?  3.  If  the  world  does  not  endure  ^  two  suns, 
neither  doth  Asia  endure  two  kings.  4.  It  is  said  that 
Darius  wanted  to  share  Asia  with  Alexander.  5.  "If," 
said  the  former^  to  the  latter,  "you  are  willing  to  share 
Asia  with  me,  I  will  give  you  ten  thousand  talents." 
6.  "By  no  means,"*  replied  Alexander;  "if  you  had 
offered  me  ^  twenty  thousand  talents,  I  would  not  have 
accepted."  7.  If  the  story  is  true,  is  it  not  passing 
strange®?  8.  Would  Asia  have  long  endured  two  masters, 
if  the  offer  of  Darius  had  been  accepted .? 

1  See  337,  b,  »  See  100,  e.  ^  Not  accusative. 

2  See  449.  *  Minime.  ^  Maxime  mirabilis. 


182  READING  LESSON. 

LESSON  LXX. 
Reading   Lesson. 

Proserpina. 

"Proserpin  gathering  flowers, 
Herself  a  fairer  flower,  by  gloomy  Dis 
Was  gather'' d,  which  cost  Ceres  all  that  pain 
To  seek  her  through  the  world.^^ 

457.  Proserpina,  Cereris  filia,  aliquando  in  Sicilia 
ad  urbem  Hennam  in  agris  flores  carpebat,  serta  necte- 
bat  ludebatque  cum  comitibus.  Subito  terra  concussa 
Pluto,  inferorum  deus,  cuius  currum  equi  atri  vehebant 
e  terra  emersit.  Deus  Proserpinam  abdiixit,  ut  uxor 
sua  et  inferorum  regina  esset ;  clamorem  puellae  com- 
pressit.  Mater  cum  ignoraret,  ubi  filia  esset,  totum 
orbem  terrarum  frustra  peragravit. 

458.  Tandem  Ceres  a  Sole,  qui  omnia  conspicit,  audi- 
vit  quis  filiam  abduxisset.  Itaque  statim  iter  adlovem 
flexit  et  precibus  animo  eius  persuasit,  ut  filia  a  Plutone 
remitteretur.  Proserpinae  permissum  est,  ut  per  partem 
anni  apud  matrem,  per  partem  alteram  apud  inferos  esset. 

459.  I.  Who  of  you  can  tell  by  whom  Proserpine 
was  carried  off  ?  2.  She  was  carried  away  by  Pluto,  god 
of  the  Infernals.  3.  The  god  bore  her  off,  as  she  was 
plucking  flowers  in  the  plain  of  Henna.  4.  Her  mother 
did  not  know  whither  her  daughter  had  gone.  5.  So  she 
wandered  through  the  whole  world  to  find  her.  6.  When 
she  had  heard  that  her  daughter  was  queen  of  the 
Infernals,    she   turned   her   course   at   once  to  Jupiter. 


READING   LESSON. 


183 


7.  He  would  have  permitted  her  to  return,  if  she  had  not 
tasted  food.  8.  Poor  Proserpine,  remain  forever  among 
the  Infernals  ! 


460. 


Vocabulary. 


ater,  -tra,  -tnim,  black. 
atque  [ad,  in  addition^  and 

also^  and. 
com-primo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pres- 

sus  [premo],  press  together; 

check,  suppress. 
con-cutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus 

[com,    quatio],    shake  vio- 
lently. 
con-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spec- 

tus  [com,  specie,  look"],  look 

at  attentively ;  observe,  see, 

behold. 
e-mergo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  arise, 

come  forth  ;  emerge. 
fleets,  -ere,  flexi,  flezus,  bend, 

turn. 


licet,    -ere,   licuit  or  licitmn 

est,  impers.,  //  is  permitted, 

(^one)  may. 
ludo,  -ere,  lasi,  IvLsaa,  play. 
necto,  -ere,  nexui  and  nexi, 

nexus,  bind,  weave. 
per-agro,     -are,     -avi,     -atus 

[ager],     wander     through, 

pass  over. 
[prex],  precis,  f.  (used  mostly 

in  plu.),  prayer,  entreaty. 
re-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus, 

send  back. 
serta,  -orum,  n.  [sere,  plait'\, 
garlands,  wreaths  of  flowers. 
tandem,  adv.  [tam],  (^just  so 
far),  at  length,  flnally. 


Vexillum. 


184  PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS. 

LESSON    LXXI. 

Periphrastic  Conjugations. 

Dative  of  Agent. 

461.  Learn  the  future  active  participle  and  the  gerundive 
of  the  model  and  irregular  verbs. 

462.  The  First  or  Active  Periphrastic  Conjugation 
is  formed  by  combining  the  future  active  participle 
with  the  verb  sum : 

Ind.  Pres.  Amaturus  sum,  I  am  about  to  {going  to ^  intend- 
ing to^  love. 

Ind.  Imp.  Amaturus  eram,  /  was  about  to  {going  to,  intend- 
ing to^,  love. 

463.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Quisquam  dubitat  quid  virtute  perfecturus  sit,  does 
any  one  doubt  what  he  will  accomplish  by  his  valor? 

2.  Sciebam  quid  facturus  esses,  /  knew  what  you  were 
going  to  do. 

a.  From  the  above  sentences  it  appears  that  the  first  peri- 
phrastic conjugation  supplies  a  future  for  the  subjunctive. 

464.  The  Second  or  Passive  Periphrastic  Conju- 
gation is  formed  by  combining  the  gerundive  (future 
passive  participle)  with  the  verb  sum : 

Ind.  Pres.  Amandus  sum,  I  am  to  be  {ought  to  be,  deserve 
to  be,  must  be)  loved. 

Ind.  Imp.  Amandus  eram,  /  was  to  be  {deserved  to  be^ 
ought  to  have  been)  loved. 


PERIPHRASTIC  CONJUGATIONS.  185 

465.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Delenda  est  Carthago,  Carthage  must  be  destroyed. 

2.  Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda,  everything  had  to  be  done 
by  Caesar. 

3.  Mihi  scribendum  est,  /  inust  write  {the  duty  of  writing 
is  to  me^. 

4.  Omnibus  morlendum  est,  all  must  die  {the  necessity  of 
dying  is  to  all^. 

a.  Observe  that  jn  the  second  periphrastic  conjugation 
necessity,  duty,  or  obligation  is  implied  in  the  gerundive. 

b.  Notice  the  impersonal  use  of  the  verbs  in  3  and  4.  By 
impersonal  is  meant  having  no  personal  subject. 

c.  Observe  in  2,  3,  and  4  that  the  person  (Caesari,  mihi, 
omnibus)  is  expressed  by  the  dative.  This  dative  is  called  the 
Dative  of  Agent. 

466.  Rule.  —  The  gerundive  with  sum  takes  the 
dative  denoting  the  person  who  has  a  thing  to  do. 

467.  Vocabulary. 

ago,    -ere,    egi,   actus,    drive,  moenia,  -ium,  n.  pi.  [munlo], 

lead;  do,  act.  walls  {of  a  city). 

censeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -sus,  think,  opus,  -erls,  n.  work,  labor. 

be  of  the  opinion.  pertinacia,  -ae,  i.perseverance, 

de-slsto,   -ere,    -stlti,    -stitus  obstinacy,  pertinacity. 

{stand  ofT)-,  cease,  desist  re-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call 

lam-lam,  adv.  already.  back,  recall;  revoke. 
vexlllmn,  -i,  n.  signal  flag,  p.  183. 


468.  I.  Dux  castra  moturus  est.  2.  Scribenda  est 
mihi  epistula.  3.  Scribenda  erat  tibi  epistula.  4.  Cum 
Scipio,   graviter  vulneratus,   in   hostium   manus    iamiam 


186  PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS. 

venttirus  ^  esset,  fllius  eum  periculo  liberavit.  5.  Mag- 
nam  in  spem  veniebat  fore^  ut  pertinacia  desisteret  hostis. 
6.  Hoc  censeo  et  Carthaginem  esse  delendam.  7.  Ita 
nobis  vivendum  est  ut  ad  mortem  parati  simus.  8.  Caesari 
omnia  uno  tempore  erant  agenda  :  vexillum  proponen- 
dum,^  signum  tuba  dandum,^  ab  opere  revocandi  ^  milites, 
acies  instruenda,^  milites  cohortandi.* 

469.  I.  Do  you  know  what  he  is  going  to  do  ?  2.  We 
ought  to  cultivate  virtue.  3.  Since  you  are  intending  to 
go  away,  we  must  follow  you.  4.  If  we  wish  to  conquer, 
we  must  undergo  all  dangers  patiently.  5.  Let  us  form  a 
testudo  and  go  up  to  the  walls  of  the  city.  6.  If  Pros- 
erpine had  not  been  carried  off,  her  mother  would  not 
have  wandered  over  all  the  earth.  7.  Oh  that  Proserpine 
had  not  been  carried  off  by  Pluto  to  be  his  wife  !  8.  Oh 
that  Jupiter  had  not  permitted  his  brother  to  come  out 
of  the  earth  ! 

1  lamiam  venturus,  just  about  to  come. 

2  For  futurum  esse  ;  that  it  would  be^  i.e.,  result. 

*  Supply  erat. 

*  Supply  erant. 


Calcar. 


GERUND  AND   GERUNDIVE.  — SUPINE.  187 

LESSON    LXXII. 
Gerund  and  Gerundive.  —  Supine. 

470.  Learn  the  gerunds  and  supines  of  the  model  and 
irregular  verbs. 

471.  The  gerund  is  a  verbal  noun  corresponding 
to  the  English  verbal  noun  in  -i7tg.  It  is  declined 
like  the  singular  of  donum,  the  nominative  and  the 
accusative  without  a  preposition  being  supplied  by 
the  infinitive. 

472.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  N.      Videre  est  credere,  seeing  is  believing. 

2.  G.  Caesar  hortandi  finem  facit,  Caesar  makes  an  end 
of  exhorting. 

3.  D.  Aqtia  utilis  est  bibendo,  water  is  useful  for 
drinking. 

r  Hie  locus  ad  pugnandum  idoneus  est,  this  place 
j       is  suitable  for  fighting. 
^'         '  1  Dicunt  videre  esse  credere,  they  say  that  seeing 

[      is  believing. 
5.    Ab.    Mens  discendo  alitur,  the  mind  is  strengthened  by 
learning. 

473.  The  use  of  the  gerundive  as  a  passive 
participle  with  sum  has  been  illustrated  in  the 
preceding  lesson.  But  it  may  also  be  used  as  a 
verbal  adjective. 


188  GERUND   AND    GERUNDIVE.  — SUPINE. 


474.  Model  Sentences. 

r-      «-.,..  ^  furbem  delendi,  ^  ^,  . 

1.  G.     Consilia  ineunt^  _  \they  are  form- 

L  urbis  delendae,  J 

ing  plans  for   {of^    destroying  the   city   (of  the  city  to  be 
destroyed^. 

2.  D.  Operam  dat  agris  colendis,  he  devotes  himself  to 
tilling  the  fields  {to  the  fields  to  be  tilled^. 

3.  Ac.  Venenint  ad  pacem  petendam,  they  came  to  seek 
peace  {for  peace  to  be  sought). 

4.  Ab.  Occupatus  sum  in  litteris  scribendis,  /  am  en- 
gaged in  writing  letters  {in  letters  to  be  written). 

a.  Notice  that  in  the  first  sentence  the  gerund  delendi  limits 
consilia  in  accordance  with  36;  but  as  a  verbal  noun  it  governs 
the  same  case  that  any  other  form  of  the  verb  deleo  would 
take,  namely  the  accusative.  What  case  would  iitendi,  from 
iitor,  govern  ?     What  parendi,  from  pareo  ? 

b.  Study  the  equivalent  construction  urbis  delendae.  Here 
urbis  depends  on  consilia  and  the  gerundive,  like  any  other 
adjective,  agrees  with  its  noun. 

c.  Notice  that  the  accusative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive 
with  ad  denotes  a  purpose.  This  construction  is  much  used. 
In  what  other  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed? 

475.  Model  Sentences. 

1.  Legati  Romam  veniunt  pacem  petitum,  ambassadors 
come  to  Rome  to  sue  for  peace. 

2.  Id  perfacile  est  factu,  that  is  very  easy  to  do,  or  to  be 
done. 

a.  Observe  in  the  first  example  that  the  supine  petitum  has 
the  same  meaning  as  ut  petant,  qui  petant,  or  ad  petendam ; 
that  is,  it  expresses  purpose.  This  use  is  common  after  verbs 
of  motion. 


GERUND   AND    GERUNDIVE.— SUPINE.  189 

476.  Rule.  —  The  supine  in  uin  is  used  after 
verbs  of  motion  to  express  purpose. 

b.  In  the  second  example  the  supine  in  u  answers  the 
question  in  what  respect  f  Perfacile  factu,  easy  in  respect  to 
the  doing.     This  use  is  common  after  adjectives. 

c.  The  supine  in  u  is  really  an  ablative  of  specification. 
See  168. 

477.  Vocabulary. 

at,  conj.  but.  male  [malus],  adv.  badly.,  ill. 

causa,  -ae,  f.  cause,   reaso7t;  male-ficus,  -i,  m.  [facio],  evil- 

ahl.,  for  the  sake  (following  doer. 

a  genitive).  praeter,  prep.  w.  ace,  besides. 

con-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus  propter,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  ac- 

[com],   come   together.,   as-  count  of. 

semble.                          [even.  solum,  adv.  [solus],  only. 

etiam,   conj.   [et,    iahi],  also,  sumo,  -ere,  -psi,  -ptus,  take. 

im-peritus,  -a,  -um   [in],  un-  teliun,  -i,  n.  weapon. 

skilled;  w.  gen.  tubicen,  -inis,  m.  [tuba,  cano, 

in-ermis,  -e  [anna],  unarmed.  sing'],  trumpeter. 


478.  I.  Multi  convenerunt  studio^  videndae  novae 
urbis.  2.  Legates  ad  Caesarem  pacis  petendae  causa  ^ 
Galli  mittunt.  3.  Galli  ad  Caesarem  venerunt  pacem 
petitum.  4.  Si  legati  veniant  qui  pacem  petant,  Caesar 
patienter  eos  audiat.  5.  Inter  ^  pugnandum  triginta 
naves  captae  sunt.  6.  Quod  optimum  est  factu  faciam. 
7.  Cincinnatus,  qui  esset*  vir  belli  ^  peritissimus,  dictator 
de  exercitu  liberando  creatus  est.  8.  Tubicen,  cum 
ipse   non    pugnaret,   tamen    alios    ad   pugnam   incitabat. 

1  See  132.  «  During. 

2  Notice  this  way  of  express-  ^  See  433. 
ing  purpose.                                                           ^  In  war. 


190  GERUND   AND   GERUNDIVE.  —  SUPINE. 

9.  Hostes  putaverunt  tubicinem,  qui  alios  ad  pugnam 
incitaret/  puniendum  esse.  10.  Utinam  tubicen  ne 
captus  esset  ! 

479.  Tubicen. 

Tubicen  ab  hostibus  captus  est.  "  Cur  me,"  inquit, 
"  interficitis .?  nam  inermis  sum,  neque  quidquam  habeo 
praeter  banc  tubam."  At  hostes,  "  Propter  hoc  ipsum," 
inquiunt,  "  te  interficiemus  quod,  ipse  pugnandi  imperitus,^ 
alios  ad  pugnam  incitare  soles."  Non  solum  malefici 
sunt  puniendi,  sed  etiam  ei  qui  alios  ad  male  faciendum 
incitent. 

480.  I.  The  trumpeter  asked  the  enemy's  com- 
mander why  he  was  going  to  put  him  to  death.  2.  "  Dur- 
ing the  fight," ^  said  he,    "I   did  not  use  any^  weapon. 

3.  I  could  not  have^  killed  any  one®  with  this  trumpet. 

4.  Do  not  put  me  to  death.  5.  I  am  not  the  man'  who 
deserves  to  be  punished.  6.  If  I  had  been  fighting,  I 
would  not  say  a  word."  ^  7.  But  the  general  said,  "That 
trumpet  of  yours  is  a  weapon  which  incites  ^  the  soldiers 
to  fight.  You  must  die."  8.  Then  the  trumpeter,  about  to 
die,^^  said,  "  O  that  I  had  not  incited  others  to  evil  doing." 

1  See  433.  ^  A  form  of  quisquam. 

2  Though  unskilled.  '  Cf.  437,  6. 

8  Cf.  478,  5.  8  Would  say  nothing. 

*  See  p.  124,  note  7.  ^  Subjunctive  of  characteristic  (433). 

*  Could  not  have  =  was  not  able  to.  ^^  moriturus. 


<*=a"^r»> 


RoMANUs  IN  Toga  Praetexta. 


READING  LESSONS. 

For  Vocabularies  see  page  239. 

Fables. 

481.  MULIER   ET   GaLLINA. 

Mulier  quaedam  habebat  gallinam,  quae  el^  cottidie 
ovum  pariebat  aureum.  Hinc  suspicari  coepit  illam^ 
aurl  massam  intus  celare,  et  gallinam  occidit.  Sed  nihil 
in  ea  repperit,  nisi  quod^  in  aliis  gallinis  reperiri  solet. 
Itaque  dum  maioribus  divitiis  inhiat/  etiam  minores* 
perdidit. 

482.  VULPES    ET    UVA. 

Vulpes  uvam  in  vite  conspicata^  ad  illam  subsiluit 
omnium  virium  suarum  contentione,  si  ^  eam  forte  at- 
tingere  posset.  Tandem  defatigata  inani  labore  disce- 
dens,  "At  nunc  etiam,"  inquit,  "acerbae^  sunt,  nee  eas 
in  via  repertas  *  tollerem." 

481=    1  For  her.  ■*  See  page  87,  note  i. 

*  Illam  =  illam  gallinam,  and  ^Supply   the   Latin  noun  in 

is  subject  accusative  of  celare.  the  proper  form. 
8  Quod  =  id  quod. 

482.  1  Perfect  participle  agree-  ^  The  plural,  as  if  uvae  had 

ing  with  vulpes.  Translate  by  the  been  used, 

present  participle.  *  Eas  repertas,  them  found^=i 

2  To  see  if.  if  I  had  found  them.    See  353,  c. 


194  READING  LESSONS. 


483.  RusTicus  ET  Canis  Fidelis. 

Rusticus  in  agros  exiit  ad  opus  suum.  Filiolum,  qui 
in  cunis  iacebat,  reliquit  cam  ^  fideli  atque  valido  custo- 
diendum.  Adrepsit  anguis  immanis,  qui  puerulum  ex- 
stincturus  erat.  Sed  custos  fidelis  corripit  eum  dentibus 
5  acutis,  et,  dum  eum  necare  studet,^  cunas  simul  evertit 
super  exstinctum  anguem.  Paulo  post  ex  arvo  rediit 
agricola  ;  cum  cunas  eversas  cruentumque  canis  rictum 
videret,  ira  accenditur.^  Temere  igitur  custodem  filioli 
interfecit  ligone,  quem  manibus  tenebat.  Sed  ubi  cunas 
10  restituit,*  super  anguem  occisum  ^  repperit  puerum  vivum 
et  incolumem.     Paenitentia  f acinoris  *  sera '  f uit. 

484.  PUER  Mendax. 

Puer  in  prato  oves  pascebat,^  atque  per  iocum  clami- 

tabat,  ut  sibi  auxilium  ferretur,  quasi  lupus  gregem  esset 

adortus.    Agricolae  undique  succurrebant,  neque  ^  lupum 

inveniebant.     Ita  ter  quaterque  se  elusos  ^  a  puero  vide- 

5  runt.     Deinde*  cum  ipse*  lupus  aggrederetur,  et  puer 

483.  ^  Dative  of  agent,  466.  quam,  meaning  when,  the  perfect 
Translate  left  for  his  .  .  .  dog  to  indicative  is  commonly  used,  but 
guard.     What  literally  ?  it  is  best  rendered  by  the  plu- 

2  See  page  87,  note  i.  perfect. 

*  Present  for   perfect,   called  ^  See  353,  c  (2). 
historical  present.  «  For    the    deed.      Why    not 

*  Translate  as  if  it  were  resti-  dative  ?     36. 
tuerat ;   after  ubi,  ut,  and  post-  "^  Too  late. 

484.  1  The  imperfect  denoting  *  See  page  133,  note  i. 
customary  action ;  render,  wj^af/'f?  *  Pronounced  de-in'-de. 
tend.  ^  Really. 

«  But  ...not. 


READING  LESSONS.  195 

re  vera*  imploraret  auxilium,  nemo  gregi'  subvenit,  et 
oves  lupi  praeda®  sunt  factae.  Mendaci  homini  non 
credimus,  etiam  cum  vera^  dicit. 

485.  Senex  et  Mors. 

Senex  quidam  ligna  in  silva  ceciderat,  et,  fasce  in 
umeros  sublato,^  domum  redire  coepit.  Cum  fatigatus 
esset''  et  onere  et  itinere,  deposuit  ligna,  et,  senectutis^ 
et  inopiae  *  miserias  secum  reputans,  clara  voce  invocavit 
mortem,  ut  se  omnibus  mails*  liberaret.  Mox  adest^ 
mors  et  interrogat  quid  vellet.  Tum  senex  perterritus  : 
"Pro!  hunc  lignorum  fascem  quaeso  umeris®  meis 
imponas." ' 

486.  Vulpes  et  Leo. 

Vulpes  numquam  leonem  viderat.  Cum  huic^  forte 
occurrisset,  ita  exterrita  est,  ut  paene  moreretur^  formi- 
dine.  Eundem  conspicata  est  iterum.  Tum  extimuit 
ilia  quidem,  sed  nequaquam  ut  antea.  Cum  tertio  ^  leoni 
obviam  facta  esset,  adeo  non  perterrita  fuit,*  ut  auderet  ^ 
accedere  propius  et  conloqui  cum  eo. 

^  Re  vera  =  /«  earnest.  ^  Predicate  nominative. 

7  Why  dative.?     See  397.  «  True  {things)  =  the  truth. 

485.  1  From  tollo.  ^  See  page  87,  note  i. 

2  See  382.  ^  xjmeris   .    .   .   impopas ;    cf. 

2  Notice  the  order;  the  geni-  n5bis  .  .  .  imposuit  in  313. 
lives    coming     first     are    made  ^  Quaeso  .  .  .  imponas  =  quae- 

emphatic.  *  See  413.  s5  ut  imponas. 

486.  ^  For    the    dative    see  ^  The  third  time. 

397.  ■*  Adeo    .  .  .   fuit,   to  such   a 

2  Is  this  a  subjunctive  of  pur-  degree  was  not  frightened =was 
pose  or  of  result.-'  so  far  from  being  frightened. 


196  READING  LESSONS. 

Stories  from  Roman  History. 

487.  HORATII    ET    CURIATII. 

Tullo  Hostilio  regnante  bellum  inter  Albanos  et 
Romanos  exortum  est.^  Ducibus  Hostilio  et  Fufetio 
placuit,  paucorum  certamine  fata'^  utriusque  populi  de- 
cern!.    Erant  apud  Romanos  trigemini   fratres    Horatii, 

5  tres  apud  Albanos  Curiatii.  Cum  eis  agunt  reges,  ut  pro 
sua  quisque  ^  patria  dimicent  ferro.  Foedus  ictum  est  ea 
lege,  ut,  unde  victoria,^  ibi  imperium  esset. 

Icto  foedere  trigemini  arma  capiunt,  et  in  medium 
inter  duas  acies  procedunt.     Consederant  utrimque  duo 

lo  exercitus.  Datur  signum,  infestisque  armis  tern!  iuvenes, 
magnorum  exercituum  animos  gerentes,^  concurrunt.  Ut^ 
primo  concursu  increpuere"'  arma,  micantesque  fulsere' 
gladii,  horror  ingens  spectantes  perstringit.  Consertis 
deinde  manibus,  statim  duo  Roman!  alius  super  alium^ 

15  exspirantes  ceciderunt;^  tres  Alban!  vulnerati.^"  Ad 
casum  Romanorum  conclamavit  gaudio  exercitus  Al- 
banus.      Romanos   iam    spes    tota    deserebat.      Unum 

487.   1  Exortum  est  =  incepit.  ^  xjt  followed  by  the  indicative 

2  Subject-accusative     of     de-  means  when  or  as. 

cemi ;  that  the  destinies  . . .  should  ^  Notice  the  form  of  the  per- 

be  decided.  feet. 

8  Notice  the  order,  sua  quis-  They  first  hurled  their  spears, 

que,  which  is  constant  in  these  which  rang  against  the  shields  ; 

words.  then  they  drew  their  swords  and 

*  Unde  victoria  .  .  .  esset,  on  rushed  into  close  combat. 

whichever  side  the  victory  should  8  gge    292,    a.      Alter    super 

be^  there  should  be  the  power.  alterum  would  be  better.    Why? 

^  Gerentes  =  habentes ;     but  ^  From  cado. 

gerentes  is  a  nobler  expression.  10  Supply  sunt. 


READING  LESSONS,  197 

Horatium  tres  Curiatii  circumsteterant.  Forte  is  in- 
teger" fuit,  sed  quia  tribus  impar  erat,  ut  distraheret 
hostes,  fugam  capessivit,  singulos^^  per  intervalla  secu-  20 
turos  esse  ratus.-^'  lam  aliquantum  spati^''  ex  eo  loco, 
ubi  pugnatum  est/*  aufugerat,  cum  respiciens  videt  unum 
e  Curiatiis  baud  procul  ab  sese  abesse.  In  eum  magno 
impetu  redit,  et  dum  Albanus  exercitus  inclamat  Curia- 
tiis, ut  opem  ferant  fratri,  iam  Horatius  eum  occiderat.  25 
Alterum^^  deinde,  priusquam  tertius  posset  consequi, 
interfecit. 

Iam  singuli  supererant,  sed  nee  spe  nee  viribus  pares. 
Alter  erat  intactus  ferro  et  geminata  victoria  ferox;" 
alter  fessum  ^^  vulnere,  fessum  cursu  trahebat  corpus.  30 
Nee  illud  proelium  fuit.  Romanus  exsultans  male  sus- 
tinentem^^  arma  Curiatium  conficit,  iacentem^®  spoliat. 
Roman!  ovantes  ac  gratulantes  Horatium  accipiunt  et 
domum  deducunt. 

488.  CiNCINNATUS.      458  B.C. 

T.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus  omnium  consensu  dictator^ 
est  dictus.     Ille,  spes  unica  imperi  Romani,  trans  Tiberim 

11  Integer  =  incolumis.  ^^  See  page  109,  note  4. 

12  Subject-accusative  of  secu-  ^^  The  second.    ^'^  Emboldened. 
turos   esse ;    thinking  that   they  ^^  Agrees  with  corpus. 
would  follow  07te  by  one.  ^^  Take     the    words    in     this 

1*  Ratus  =  putans.        Perfect  order  :      Curiatium    male   susti- 

participles   must    sometimes  be  nentem  arma  cdnficit.     On  sus- 

rendered    as  if  they  were   pres-  tinentem  see  353,  c  (2). 

ent  participles.  20  Supply  et  to  precede,  and 

1*  See  203.  render,  as  he  lay  dead. 

488.  ^  A  magistrate  appointed  vested  with  supreme  power.  On 
in  times  of  extraordinary  danger  this  occasion  the  Aequi,  enemies 
to  hold  office  six  months,  and  in-       of  the  Romans,  had  surrounded 


198  READIi/G  LESSONS. 

tunc  quattuor  iugerum  "^  colebat  agrum.     Ad  quern  missi 
legati  nudum'  eum  arantem  offenderunt.     Salute^  data 

5  redditaque  Quinctius  togam^  propere  e  tugurio  proferre 
uxorem  Raciliam  iussit,  ut  senatus  mandata  togatus 
audiret. 

Postquam,  absterso  pulvere  ac  sudore,  toga  indutus* 
processit'^  Quinctius,  dictatorem   eum  legati  gratulantes 

10  consalutant ;  quantus  terror  in  exercitii  sit,^  exponunt. 
Quinctius  igitur  Romam  venit  et  antecedentibus  lictori- 
bus  domum  deductus  est.  Postero  die  ab  urbe  profectus, 
exercitu  Romano  liberate,  victos  hostes  sub  iugum  ^  misit. 
Urbem  triumphans  ingressus   est.       Ducti   ante   currum 

15  hostium  duces,  militaria  signa^°  praelata ;  secutus  est 
exercitus  praeda  onustus :  epulae  instructae  sunt  ante 
omnium  domos.  Quinctius  sexto  decimo  die  dictatOra, 
quam  in "  sex  menses  acceperat,  se  abdicavit  et  ad 
boves  ^^  rediit  triumphalis  agricola. 

489.  Gaius  Duilius.    260  b.c. 

C.  Duilius  Poenos  navali  proelio  primus  ^  devicit.  Qui 
cum  ^  videret  naves  Romanas  a  POnicis  velocitate  superari, 

the   whole    Roman    army   com-  "^  See  483,  note  4. 

manded  by  the  consul.  8  Quantus  .  .  .  sit,  an  indirect 

2  Contracted  genitive  plural,  question  depending  on  exponunt. 

depending  on  agrum.  ^  A  yoke  of  spears' 'formed  by 

8  That  is,  without   his   toga.  two  upright  spears  with  another 

See  illustration,  page  34.  laid     upon    them    transversely. 

*  Salute  data  redditaque,  Sending  under  the  yoke  was 
freely  rendered,  after  exchanging  symbolical  of  defeat  and  humil- 
greetings.     What  literally  ?  iation. 

*  See  illustration,  page  191.  i*^  See  illustrations,  page  105. 

*  Indutus  =  vestitus.  i^  For.          12  From  bos. 

489.    1  Was  the  first  to.  «  Qui  cum,  when  he. 


READING   LESSONS.  199  C  C 

manus  ferreas,  quas  corvos  vocavere/  machinam  ad 
comprehendendas  hostium  naves  tenendasque  utilem 
excogitavit.  Ea  machina  Romanis  magno  usui  fuit ;  nam  5 
iniectls  illis  corvis  hostilem  navem  apprehendebant,* 
deinde  superiecto  ponte  in  earn  insiliebant  et  gladio 
velut  in  pugna  terrestri  dimicabant ;  unde  Romanis,  qui 
robore  praestabant,  facilis  victoria  fuit.  Inter  pugnan- 
dum  triginta  hostium  naves  captae  sunt,  mersae  tredecim.  lo 
Duilius  victor  Romam  reversus,  primus^  navalem  tri- 
umphum  egit.  Niilla  victoria  Romanis  gratior  fuit,  quod 
invicti  terra  iam  etiam  mari  plurimum  possent.^  Itaque 
Duilio  concessum  est,''  ut  per  omnem  vitam  praeliicente 
fiinali  et  praecinente  tibicine  a  cena  rediret.  15 

490.         Marcus  Porcius  Cato,  Puer.    85  b.c. 

M.  Porcius  Cato  iam  puer  ^  invictum  animi  robur  osten- 
dit.  Cum^  in  domo  Drusi  avunculi  sui  educaretur,  Latini 
de  civitate  impetranda  ^  Romam  venerunt.  Popedius,  La- 
tinorum  princeps,  qui  Drusi  hospes  erat,  Catonem  puerum 
rogavit,  ut  Latinos  apud  avunculum  adiuvaret.  Cato  5 
vultu  constanti  negavit  *  id  se  facturum.  Iterum  deinde 
ac    saepius^   interpellatus   in  proposito  perstitit.      Tunc 

3  Note  this  -form  of  the  per-  ^  See  note  i. 

feet  and  compare  increpuere,  487.  ^  They    could    very    much  = 

^  Iniectls  .  .  .  apprehendebant.  could  accomplish  a  great  deal. 
By    throwing     these    grappling-  "^  See  p.  109,  note  4.    Duilius 

hooks  upon    a    hostile  ship    they  was  allowed, 
would  catch  hold  of  it. 

490.  ^  Already  a  boy  =  even  in  *  Denied  hirnself  to  be  going  to 

boyhood.  2  py^iHg^  dp  it  ^refused  to  do  it. 

*  Respecting  citizenship    to   be  ^  Again  and  again, 

obtained  =  to  obtain  citizenship. 


200  READING   LESSONS. 

Popedius  puerum  in  excelsam*  aedium  partem  levatum 
tenuit,'  et  se^  abiecturum  inde  minatus  est,  nisi  precibus 
lo  obtemperaret ;  neque  hoc  metu  ^  a  sententia  eum  potuit 
dimovere.  Tunc  Popedius  exclamasse  fertur :  "  Gratu- 
lemur  nobis,  Latini,  hunc  esse  tarn  parvum  ;  si  enim 
senator  esset,^*^  ne  sperare  quidem  ius  civitatis  liceret."  ^° 

491.  Gaius   Marius.     88  b.c. 

Marius  ^  hostes  persequentes  fugiens  aliquamdiu  in 
palude  delituit.  Sed  paulo  post  repertus  extractusque, 
ut  erat^  nudo  corpore  caenoque  oblitus,  iniecto  in  collum 
loro  Minturnas  raptus^  et  in  custodiam  coniectus  est. 
5  Missus  est  ad  eum  occidendum  servus  publicus,  natione  * 
Cimber,  quem  Marius  vultus  auctoritate  deterruit.  Cum 
enim  hominem  ad  se  stricto  gladio  venientem  vidisset, 
"  Tune,^  homo,"  inquit,  "  C.  Marium  audebis  occidere  ?  " 
Quo  audito  attonitus  ille  ac  tremens  abiecto  ferro  fugit, 

•  Excelsam  =  altam.  turum.    He  threatened  himself  to 

'  Puerum  .  .  .  levatum  tenuit,  be  going    to    throw    him   (eum) 

held  the  raised  up  boy  =  raised  down  from  there  =  he  threatened 

t'.p     and    held    the    boy.        See  to  throw  him  down  from  there. 

353,  c  (3).  ^  By  this  fear  means  by  fear 

8  The    subject-accusative    of  of  this. 
abiecturum    (esse).       Eum,     re-  i**  What  time  is  denoted,  and 

ferring  to  puerum,  must  be  sup-  what  is  implied  ?     See  451. 
plied    as    the    object    of   abiec- 

491.  1  Marius  had  been  driven  ^  The  following  et  shows  that 

from    Rome    by    his    powerful  est  must  be  supplied. 
rival,  Sulla,  and  was  fleeing  for  *  See  168. 

life.  ^  The  -ne  is  the  interrogative 

"^Just  as  he  was.  particle. 


READING  LESSONS.  201 

Marium®  se  non  posse  occidere  clamitans.      Marius  de-  lo 
inde  ab  iis,  qui  prius  eum  occidere  voluerant,  e  carcere 
emissus  est. 

492.  Gaius  Iulius  Caesar.    44  b.c. 

Atque  cum  Caesar  eo  die  in  senatum  venisset,  adsiden- 
tem^  coniurati  specie  offici  circumsteterunt  ilicoque  Onus, 
quasi  aliquid  rogaturus,  propius  accessit,  renuentique^ 
ab  *  utroque  umero  togam  apprehendit.  Deinde  claman- 
tem,*  "  Ista  ^  quidem  vis  est,"  Casca,  unus  e  coniiiratis,  5 
adversum  vulnerat  paulum  infra  iugulum.  Caesar  Cascae 
bracchium  adreptum''*  graphi5  traiecit  conatusque  pro- 
silire  alio  vulnere  tardatus  est.  Cum  Marcum  Brutum, 
quem  fili  loco  habebat,  in  se  inruentem  vidisset,  dixisse 
fertur  :  "  Tii  quoque,  mi  fili !  "  Dein  ut  ^  animadvertit,  10 
undique  se  ^  strictis  pugionibus  peti,  ^  toga  caput  ob- 
volvit^  et  ita  tribus  et  viginti  plagis  confossus  est. 

6  Marium  .  .  .  clamitans.  num.  Marium  is  put  first  for  em- 
Translate  in  this  order  :  clami-  phasis.  The  most  emphatic  word 
tans   se  non  posse   occidere  Ma-       in  a  sentence  is  put  first.    See  33. 

492.  1  That  is,  eum  (C)  adsiden-  ^  Agrees  with  Caesarem  under- 

tem,  following  circumsteterunt.  stood,  object  of  vulnerat. 

2  Renuenti  =  recusanti.     Sup-  ^  This  (that  you  are  doing), 

ply  ei.    One,  to  him  {viz.  Caesar)  See  304,/ 
refusing,    seizes     the     toga  =  on  ^  See  353,  <:  (3). 

Caesar^s   refusal,   one   seizes   his  "^  See  487,  note  6. 

^oga.  8  Himself  to  be  attacked = thai 

*  '^otfrom  here,  but  on.  he  was  being  attacked. 

*  "  .  .  .  then  burst  his  mighty  heart  ; 

And,  in  his  mantle  mufl^ling  up  his  face, 

Even  at  the  base  of  Pompey's  statua, 

Which  all  the  while  ran  blood,  great  Caesar  fell." 


202  READING  LESSONS. 


493.      Caesar  Octavianus  Augustus.    63  b.c.  to  14  a.d. 

Forma  ^  fuit  Augustus  eximia  et  per  omnes  aetatis  gra- 

dus  venustissima.     Erat  tamen  omnis  lenocini  neglegens 

et  in  capite  comendo  ^  tarn  incuriosus,  ut  eo  ipso  tempore, 

quo^  illud  tonsoribus  committeret,  aut  legeret  aliquid  aut 

5  etiam  scriberet. 

Paucis  annis  antequam  moreretur,  gravissimam  in  Ger- 
mania  *  accepit  cladem,  tribus  legionibus  cum  duce  Varo 
legatisque  et  auxiliis  omnibus  caesis.  Hac  nuntiata  ex- 
cubias  per  urbem  ^  indixit,  ne  quis  tumultus  exsisteret,  et 

10  magnos  ludos  lovi  optimo  maximo  vovit,  si  res  publica 
in  meliorem  statum  vertisset.  Adeo  denique  consterna- 
tum^  ferunt,"^  ut,  per  continues  menses  barba  capilloque 
submisso,  caput  interdum  foribus  inlideret,  vociferans, 
"Quinctili  Vare,  legiones  redde  !  "   diemque  cladis  quo- 

15  tannis  maestum  habuerit  ac  lugubrem. 

Tandem  adflicta  valetudine  in  Campaniam  concessit, 
ubi,  remisso  ad  otium  animo,  nullo  hilaritatis  genere 
abstinuit.  Supremo  vitae  die  petito  speculo  capillum 
sibi    comi    iussit    et    amicos   circumstantes    percontatus, 

20  ecquid  ^  eis  videretur  mimum  vitae  commode  transegisse, 

493.  1  What  other  case  might  ^  Urbs   often   used    alone    of 

have  been  used  "i     See  140.  Rome. 

2  For  the   construction   com-  *  The   Latin   fully   expressed 

pare  474,  4.  would     be,     eum    constematum 

8  Supply  tempore  and  translate  esse,   accusative   with    infinitive 

when.  depending  on  ferunt. 

*  Marks  the  place  of  cladem.  "^  Ferunt  =  dicunt.      Cf .  fertur 

Augustus   was    not    himself    in  =dicitur,  492,  line  10. 

Germany.  ^  Whether  he  had  played  the 

comedy  of  life  fairly  well. 


READING  LESSONS. 


203 


adiecit  solitam  clausulam,*  "Edite  strepitum  vosque 
omnes  cum  gaudio  applaudite."  Obiit  Nolae  sextum 
et  septuagesimum  annum  agens. 


^  In   the    Roman    theatres   it 
was  usual  for  an  actor,  at  the 


close  of  a  comedy,  to  invite  the 
applause  of  the  audience. 


i^j,y,j.,,,<ii^  UMA-U  CK  X^^^^^^^^'^-'^^^-^'vx^  t'^^^TM 


I  C-0"v>^ 


TABLES 


DECLENSION"  AND   CONJUGATION. 


NOUNS. 


494. 


First  Declension.  —  A-Stems. 


SINGULAR. 


N.    tuba,  a  trumpet. 

G.     tubae,  of  a  trufnpet. 

D.     tubae,  to  or  for  a  trumpet. 

Ac.  tubam,  a  trumpet. 

Ab.  tuba,  with  a  trumpet. 


PLURAL. 

tubae,  trumpets. 
tubarum,  of  trumpets. 
tubis,  to  ox  for  trumpets. 
tubas,  trumpets. 
tubis,  with  trutnpets. 


495.        Second  Declension.  —  O-Stems. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

hortus 

horti 

donnm 

dona 

G. 

horti 

hortomm 

doni 

dononim 

D. 

horto 

hortis 

dono 

donis 

Ac. 

hortum 

hortos 

donum 

dona 

Ab. 

horto 

hortis 

dono 

donis 

a.    The  vocative  singular   of   nouns  in  -us  of   the  second 
declension  has  a  special  form  in  -e:    horte. 


206 


6 

NOUNS. 

SING. 

PLU. 

SING. 

PLU. 

SING.        PLU. 

N. 

puer 

pueri 

ager 

agri 

vir        viri 

G. 

pueri 

puerorum 

agri 

agrorum 

viri       vironun 

D. 

puero 

pueris 

agro 

agris 

viro      viris 

Ac. 

pueram  pueros 

agrum 

agros 

virum  viros 

Ab. 

puero 

pueris 

agro 

agris 

viro      viris 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

filius 

filii 

consilium 

consilia 

G. 

fill,  -ii 

fllionim 

consili,  -ii 

consiliorum 

D. 

filio 

flliis 

consilio 

consiliis 

Ac. 

filium 

fllios 

c5nsilinm 

c5nsilia 

Ab. 

fIlio 

filiis 

consilio 

consiliis 

a.    The  vocative  singular  of  filius  is  fill. 


496. 


Third  Declension. 


Mute  Stems. 


SINGULAR. 


N.  princeps 

G.  principis 

D.  principi 

Ac.  principem 

Ab.  principe 


rex 

regis 

regi 

regem 

rege 


miles 

mllitis 

militi 

militem 

milite 


caput 

capitis 

capiti 

caput 

capite 


N.     principis 
G.     principum 
D.     princi'pibus 
Ac.  principis 
Ab.  princi'pibus 


reges    . 

regum 

regibus 

regis 

regibus 


militis 

militum 

mili'tibus 

mllitis 

mlli'tlbus 


capita 

capitum 

capi'tibus 

capita 

capi'tibus 


NOUNS, 

SINGULAR, 

N. 

peB 

lapis 

virtus 

G. 

pedis 

lapidis 

virtu  lis 

D. 

pedi 

lapidi 

virtu  ti 

Ac. 

pedem 

lapidem 

virtutem 

Ab. 

pede 

lapide 

PLURAL, 

virtute 

N. 

pedes 

lapides 

virtutes 

G. 

pedum 

lapidum 

virtu  turn 

D. 

pedibus 

lapi'dibus 

virtiitibus 

Ac. 

pedes 

lapides 

virtutes 

Ab. 

pedibus 

lapi'dibus 

virtu  tibuB 

207 


Liquid  Stems. 


SINGULAR 

N. 

consul 

pater 

victor 

homo 

G. 

consulis 

patris 

victoris 

hominis 

D. 

consul! 

patri 

victori 

homini 

Ac. 

consulem 

patrem 

victorem 

hominem 

Ab. 

consule 

patre 

PLURAL, 

victore 

homine 

N. 

consules 

patres 

vTctdres 

homines 

G. 

consulum 

patrum 

vTctorum 

hominum 

D. 

c5nsu'libus 

patribus 

victoribus 

homi'nibus 

Ac. 

consules 

patres 

vTctores 

homines 

Ab. 

consu'libuB 

patribus 

victoribus 

homi'nibuB 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR, 

PLURAL. 

N. 

vulnus 

vulnera 

corpus 

corpora 

G. 

vulneris 

vulnenim 

corporis 

corporum 

D. 

vulneri 

vulne'ribus 

corpori 

corpo'ribuB 

Ac. 

vulnus 

vulnera 

corpus 

corpora 

Ab, 

valnere 

vulne'ribus 

corpore 

corpo'ribuB 

208 


►8 

^ 

NOUNS 

Stems  in 

i. 

SINGULAR 

N. 

Ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

mare 

G. 

Ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

maris 

D. 

igni 

hosti 

nubi 

mari 

Ac. 

ignem 

hostem 

nubem 

mare 

Ab. 

igni,  -e 

hoste 

PLURAL. 

nube 

mari 

N. 

Ignis 

hostis 

nubis 

maria 

G. 

Igniiim 

hostium 

nubium 

D. 

Ignibus 

hostibus 

nubibus 

maribus 

Ac. 

ignis,  -is 

hostis,  -is 

nubis,  -is 

maria 

Ab. 

Ignibus 

hostibus 

nubibus 

maribus 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL, 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

animal 

animalia 

calcar 

calcaria 

G. 

animalis 

animaliiun 

calcaris 

calcarium 

D. 

animali 

animalibus 

calcari 

calcaribus 

Ac. 

animal 

animalia 

calcar 

calcaria 

Ab. 

animali 

animalibus 

SINGULAR, 

calcari 

calcaribus 

N. 

cliens 

urbs 

arx 

nox 

G. 

clientis 

urbis 

arcis 

noctis 

D. 

clienti 

urbi 

arci 

nocti 

Ac. 

clientem 

urbem 

arcem 

noctem 

Ab. 

cliente 

urbe 

PLURAL. 

arce 

nocte 

N. 

clientis 

urbis 

arcis 

noctis 

G. 

clientium 

urbium 

arcium 

noctium 

D. 

clientibus 

urbibus 

arcibus 

noctibus 

Ac. 

clientis,  -is 

urbis,  -is 

arcis,  -is 

noctis,  -is 

Ab. 

clientibuB 

urbibus 

arcibus 

noctibus 

NOUNS. 


209 


497. 


Fourth  Declension.  —  U-Stems. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N. 

gradua 

graduB 

cornu 

cornua 

G. 

gradus 

graduum 

cornus 

cornuum 

D. 

gradui,  -u 

gradibus 

cornu, 

cornibus 

Ac 

.  gradum 

gradus 

cornu 

cornua 

Ab 

.  gradu 

gradibus 

cornu 

cornibuB 

498. 


Fifth  Declension. —E-Stems. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

N.     dies 

dies 

res 

res 

G.     diei 

dienim 

rei 

rerum 

D.     diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

Ac.  diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

Ab.  die 

diebus 

re 

rebuB 

499. 


Special  Paradigms. 


N.    deus 
G.     dei 
D.     deo 
Ac.  deum 
Ab.  deo 


N.     dei,  dii,  di 
G.     deorum,  deun 
D.     deis,  diis,  dis 
Ac.  deos 
Ab.  deis,  diis,  dis 


SINGULAR. 

domus 

senex 

viB 

domus,  -i  (loc 

•) 

senis 

vis^ 

domui,  -o 

seni 

vii 

domum 

senem 

vim 

domo,  -u 

sene 

vi 

PLURAL. 

domiis 

senes 

vireB 

domuum,  -omm 

senum 

virium 

domibus 

senibus 

viribua 

domos,  -us 

senes 

virea 

domibus 

senibus 

viribua 

^  The  genitive  and  dative  singular  are  rare. 


0 

ADJECTIVES. 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

iter 

luppiter 

bos 

nix 

G. 

itineris 

lovis 

bovis 

nivis 

D. 

itineri 

lovi 

bovi 

nivi 

Ac. 

iter 

lovem 

bovem 

nivem 

Ab. 

itinere 

love 

bove 

nive 

PLURAL. 

N. 

itinera 

boves 

nives 

G. 

itinerum 

bovum, 

boum 

nivium 

T) 

itineribus 
itinera 

bobus, 
boves 
b5bus, 

bubus 

nivibus 

nives 

nivibus 

Ac. 

Ab. 

itineribus 

bubus 

ADJECTIVES. 


500. 


First  and  Second  Declensions. 


SINGULAR. 

Masculine. 

Feminine. 

Neuter. 

N.     bonus 

bona 

bonum 

G.     boni 

bonae 

boni 

D.     bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ac.  bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Ab.  bono 

bona 

PLURAL. 

bono 

N.     boni 

bonae 

bona 

G.     bononim 

bonarum 

bonorum 

D.     bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ac.  bonoB 

bonas 

bona 

Ab.  bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

ADJECTIVES. 


211 


Masculine. 
N.     liber 
G.     liberi 
D.     llbero 
Ac.  llbenim 
Ab.  llbero 


SINGULAR. 

Feminine. 

libera 

liberae 

liberae 

liberam 

libera 


Neuter. 
llberum 
liberi 
llbero 
llberum 
llbero 


N.  liberi 

G.  liberonim 

D.  liberis 

Ac.  llberos 

Ab.  liberis 

N.  aeger 

G.  aegri 

D.  aegro 

Ac.  aegrum 

Ab.  aegro 

N.  aegri 

G.  aegrorum 

D.  aegris 

Ac.  aegros 

Ab.  aegris 

501. 


liberae 

llberamm 

liberis 

liberas 

liberis 

SINGULAR. 

aegra 

aegrae 

aegrae 

aegram 

aegra 

PLURAL. 

aegrae 
aegrarum 

aegris 
aegras 
aegris 

Third  Declension. 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ab. 


M.  and  F. 
audax 
audacis 
audaci 
audacem 
audaci,  -e 


N. 
audax 
audacis 
audaci 
audax 
audaci,  ■ 


M.  and  F. 
audaces 
audacium 
audacibus 
audacis,  -e 
audacibus 


libera 

llberorum 

liberis 

libera 

liberis 


aegrum 

aegri 

aegro 

aegnun 

aegro 

aegra 
aegrorum 

aegris 
aegra 
aegris 


PLURAL. 

N. 

audacia 

audacium 

audacibus 

audacia 

audacibus 


212 


ADJECTIVES. 


SINGULAR. 


M.  and  F. 
N.     prudens 
G.     prudentis 
D.     prudent! 
Ac.  prudentem 


N. 
prudens 
prudentis 
prudent! 
prudens 


Ab.  prudent!,  -e     prudenti,  -e 


M.  and  P.  N. 

prudentis  prudentia 

prudentium  prudentium 

prudentibus  prudentibus 

prudentis,  -es  prudentia 

prudentibus  prudentibus 


N.    brevis 
G.     brevis 
D.     brevi 
Ac.  brevem 
Ab.  brevi 


breve 

brevis 

brevi 

breve 

brevi 


breves 
brevium 
brevibus 
brevis,  -is 
brevibus 


brevia 

brevium 

brevibus 

brevia 

brevibus 


Masc.  Fern.  Neut.  Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

N.     acer  acris  acre  acres  acris         acria 

G.     acris  acris  acris  acrium  acriuin      acrium 

D.     acri  acri  acri  acribus  acribus      acribus 

Ac.  acrem  acrem  acre  acris,  -is  acris,  -is   acria 

Ab.  acri  acri  acri  acribus  acribus     acribus 


502. 


Irregular  Adjectives. 


SINGULAR. 

Masc.  Fern.         Neut. 

N.     alius  alia  aliud 

G.     alius  alius  alius 

D.     alii  alii  alii 

Ac.  alium  aliam  aliud 

Ab.  alio  alia  alio 


PLURAL. 

Masc.  Fern.  Neui. 

alii  aliae  alia 

aliorum  aliarum  aliorum 

aliis  aliis  aliis 

alios  alias  alia 

aliis  aliis  aliis 


ADJECTIVES, 

21 

Masc. 

Fern.         Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

N. 

unus 

una        unum 

totus 

tota 

tatum 

G. 

unius 

unius     unius 

totius 

totius 

totius 

D. 

uni 

uni         uni 

toti 

toti 

tati 

Ac. 

unum 

unam     unum 

tatum 

totam 

tatum 

Ab. 

uno 

una        uno 

toto 

tota 

tato 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

M.  and  F. 

Neut. 

N. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

tres 

tria 

G. 

duonim 

I         duarum 

duorum 

trium 

trium 

D. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

Ac. 

duos,  d 

uo     duas 

duo 

tres 

tria 

Ab. 

duobus 

duabuB 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

503. 


Declension  of  Comparatives. 


M.  and  P. 
N.     altior 
G.     altiaris 
D.     aliari 
Ac.  altiarem 
Ab.  altiare,  -i 


N. 
altius 
altiaris 
altiari 
altius 
altiore,  -i 


M.  and  F. 
altiares 
altiarum 
altiaribus 
altiaris,  -is 
altiaribus 


N. 
altiara 
altiarum 
altiaribus 
altiara 
altioribus 


N. 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ab. 


plus 
pluris 

plus 
plure 


plures 
plurium 
pluribus 
pluris,  -es 
pluribus 


plura 

plurium 

pluribus 

pliira 

pluribus 


214 


ADJECTIVES. 


504. 


Irregular  Comparison. 


POSITIVE. 

facilis,  -e,  easy. 
difficilis,  -e,  hard. 
similis,  -e,  like. 
dissimilis,  -e,  unlike. 
humilis,  -e,  low. 


COMPARATIVE. 

facilior,  -ius 
difficilior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 
dissimilior,  -ius 
humilior,  -ius 


SUPERLATIVE. 

facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um 
simillimus,  -a,  -um 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um 
humillimua,  -a,  -um 


gracilis,  -e,  slender.       gracilior,  -ius         gracillimus,  -a,  -um 


exterus,  outward.  exterior,  outer,       extremus  "1  outermost, 

exterior.  extimus     /      last. 

inferus,  below.  Inferior,  lower.      infimus 

Tmus 
■posiervka,  following.       posterior,  later,      postremus^ 

postumus 
superus,  above.  superior,  higher,    supremus 

summus 


>  lowest, 
last. 

>  highest. 


[cis,  citra,  on  this  side."]  citerior,  hither,  citimus,  hither7nost. 

[in,  intra,  in,  within.']   interior,  inner.  intimus,  inmost. 

r  ..  _.  ^    I  y      -1         prior,  former.  primus,  first. 

propior,  nearer,  proximus,  next. 

ulterior,  further,  ultimus,  furthest. 


[prae,  pro,  before.] 
[prope,  near.] 
[ultra,  beyond^ 


bonus,  -a,  -um,  good,     melior,  melius 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad.       peior,  peius 
magnus,-a,-um,^r^^/.  maior,  maius 
multus  -a,  -um,  much.  \  ._ 

multi,  -ae,  -a,  many.    J 
parvus,  -a,  um,  small,    minor,  minus 
sendx,  senis,  old.  senior 

iuvenis,  -e,  young.  iunior 

vetus,  veteris,  old.         vetustior,  -ius 


optimus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 

plurimus,  -a,  -um 

minimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus  natu 
minimus  natu 
veterrimus,  -a,  -um 


^KS\y^  "^ 


NUMERALS. 

05. 

Numerals. 

Cardinals. 

Ordinals. 

I. 

unus,  -a,  -um    ) 

^                1-  primus,  -a,  -um         -. 

2. 

duo,  duae,  duo 

secundus  {or  alter) 

3. 

tres,  tria 

tertius 

4- 

quattuor 

quartus 

5- 

quinque 

qulntus 

6. 

sex 

sextus 

7. 

septem 

.^     Septimus 

8. 

octo 

octavus 

9- 

novem 

nonus 

10. 

decern 

^     decimus 
\     undecimus 

II. 

undecim 

12. 

duodecim 

duodecimus 

13. 

tredecim 

tertius  decimus 

14. 

quattuordecim 

quartus  decimus 

15- 

quindecim 

qulntus  decimus 

16. 

sedecim,  or  sexdecim          sextus  decimus 

17. 

septendecim 

Septimus  decimus    . 

18. 

duodevlginti 

duodevlcesimus 

19. 

undevTginti 

undevicesimus 

20. 

vTgintT 

vTcesimus 

21." 

rvTginti  unus,  or 

'vTcesimus  primus,  or 
^iinus  et  vicesimus 

Lunus  et  vigintT 

22.- 

'vTgintT  duo,  or 
.duo  et  vTginti 

'vicesimus  secundus,  or 
.alter  et  vicesimus 

28. 

duodetriginta 

duodetricesimus 

29. 

undetrlginta 

undetricesimus 

30. 

triginta 

tricesimus 

40. 

quadraginta 

quadragesimus 

50. 

quTnquaginta 

quinquagesimus 

60. 

sexaginta 

sexagesimus 

70. 

septuaginta 

septuagesimus 

215 


216 


PRONOUNS. 


■^' 


80. 

90. 

100. 

lOI. 

200. 


300, 

400, 

500, 

600, 

700. 

800, 

900, 

1,000, 

2,000. 

1 00,000, 


Cardinals. 

octoginta 

ndnaginta 

centum 
J  centum  unus,  or 
Icentum  et  unus 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

trecenti 

quadringenti 

quTngenti 

sescentT,  or  sexcenti 

septingenti 

octingenti  ' 

n5ngentl 

mille      C^^\ 

duomllia-  Vi^^VW^V. 

centum  milia 


Ordinals. 

octogesimus 

nonagesimus 

centesimus 
Tcentesimus  primus,  or 
Icentesimus  et  primus 

ducentesimus 

trecentesimus 

quadringentesimus 

quingentesimus 

sescentesimus 

septingentesimus 

octingentesimus 

nongentesimus 

millesimus 

bis  millesimus 

centies  millesimus 


PRONOUNS. 


506. 


Personal. 


SING. 


PLU. 


SING. 


PLU. 


SING. 


PLU. 


N.     ego    nos  tu    vos  

G.     mei   nostrum,  -tri  tui  vestrum,  -tri   sui  sui 

D.     mihi  nobis  tibi  vobis  sibi  sibi 

Ac.  me     nos  te     vos  se,  sese,  se,  sese 


Ab.  me     nobis 


te     vobis 


se.  sese,  se,  sese 


PRONOUNS, 


217 


507. 


Demonstrative. 


SINGULAR. 


N.    hic  haec  hoc 

G.    huius  huius  huius 

D.    huic  huic  huic 

Ac.  hunc  banc  hoc 

Ab.  hoc  hac  hoc 


hi  hae  haec 

honiin  harum  horum 

his  his  his 

hos  has  haec 

his  his  his 


N.   me  iUa  illud 

G.    illius  illius  illius 

D.   iUi  illi  mi 

Ac.  mum  mam  mud 

Ab.  mo  ma  mo 


mi  mae  ma 

morum  marum  morum 

mis  mis  mis 

mos  mas  ma 

mis  miis  mis 


N.   is 

ea 

id 

G.    eius 

eius 

eius 

D.    ei 

ei 

ei 

Ac.  emn 

earn 

id 

Ab.  eo 

ea 

eo 

ei,  ii 
eorum 
eis,  iis 
eos 
eis,  iis 


ea 


earum  eorum 

eis,  iis  eis,  iis 

eas  ea 

eis,  iis  eis,  iis 


N.    iste  ista  istud 

G.    istius  istius  istius 

D.   isti  isti  isti 

Ac.  istum  istam  istud 

Ab.  isto  ista  isto 


isti  istae  ista 

istorum  istanim  istorum 

istis  istis  istis 

istos  istas  ista 

istis  istis  istis 


218 


PRONOUNS. 


SINGULAR. 

N.    idem       e'adem   idem 


PLURAL. 

eaedem      e'adem 


eidem 

Jidem 
G.    eius'dem  eiusdem  eiusdem  eonm'dem  eanindem  eonindem 

eis'dem  eisdem  eisdem 

.iis'dem  iisdem  iisdem 

Ac.  eun'dem  eandem  idem       eos'dem  easdem  e'adem 

eisdem  eisdem  eisdem 


D.    eidem       eidem     eidem 


Ab.  eodem      eadem    eodem 


iisdem       iisdem       iisdem 


N.    ipse  ipsa  ipsum  ipsi  ipsae  ipsa 

G.    ipsius  ipsius  ipsius  ipsorum  ipsarmn  ipsonmi 

D,    ipsi  ipsi  ipsi  ipsis  ipsis  ipsis 

Ac.  ipsum  ipsam  ipsum  ipsos  ipsas  ipsa 

Ab.  ipso  ipsa  ipso  ipsis  ipsis  ipsis 


508. 


N.     qui 
G.     cliius 
D.     cui 
Ac.  quem 
Ab.  quo 


Relative. 

SINGULAR.  PLURAL. 

quae  quod  qui  quae  quae 

ciiius  ciiius  quorum  quanmi  quorum 

cui  cui  quibus  quibus  quibus 

quam,  quod  quos  quas  quae 

qua  quo  quibus  quibus  quibus 


509. 

N.     quis  quae 

G.     cuius  cuius 

D.     cui  cui 

Ac.  quem  quam 

Ab.  quo  qua 


Interrogative. 

quid  qui  quae  quae 

cuius         quorum  quarum  quorum 

cui  quibus  quibus  quibus 

quid  quos  quas  quae 

quo  quibus  quibus  quibus 


PRONOUNS. 

219 

510. 

Indefinite. 

SINGULAR. 

N. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

aliquid,  aliquod 

G. 

alicu'ius 

alicuius 

alicuius 

D. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ac. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid,  aliquod 

Ab. 

aliquo 

aliqua 

PLURAL. 

aliquo 

N. 

aUqui 

aliquae 

aliqua 

G. 

aliquorum 

aliquanim 

aliquorum 

D. 

ali'quibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Ac. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

Ab. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

SINGULAR, 

aliquibus 

N. 

qmdam 

quaedam 

quiddam,  quoddam 

G. 

cuius'dam 

cuiusdam 

cuiusdam 

D. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

Ac. 

quendam 

quandam 

quiddam,  quoddam 

Ab. 

quodam 

quadam 

PLURAL. 

quodam 

N. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

G. 

quonin'dam 

quarundam 

quonindam 

D. 

quibus'dam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

Ac. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

Ab. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

220  REGULAR    VERBS. 

REGULAR   VERBS. 

511.        First  Conjugation.  —  A- Verbs, 
amo,  love. 

Principal  Parts:  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus.     .., 

.'.  •.'■--,,<>■-...  •r.,  ,-.._.',-'....,  ^^  ..  ..t-.-Tl/LwN, 

Indicative. 

ACTIVE  VOICE.  PASSIVE  VOICE. 

PRESENT. 

/  love.,  am  loving.,  do  love.,  etc.  /  am  loved.,  etc. 

amo  amamus  amgir  amamnr 

amas  amatis  amaris,  or  -re     amamini 

amat  amant  amatur  amantur 


^ 


IMPERFECT.  j  ... 


I  loved,  was  loving,  did  love,  etc.?  "-^'^I  was  loved,  etc. 
amabam        amabamus  amabar  amabamur 

amabas         amaBatis  amabaris,  or  -re  amabamini 

amabat         aiiiabant  amabatur  amabantiir 


FUTURE. 

/  shall  love,  etc.  ,  /  shall  be  loved,  etc. 

amabo  amabimus  amabor  amSbmiur 

f  f 

amabia  amabitis  amaberis,  or  -re  amabimini 

amabit  amabunt  amabitur  amamintur 


PERFECT. 

/  have  loved,  I  loved,  etc.  /  have  been  (was)  loved,  etc. 
amavi            amavimus  f  sum  T  sumua 

amaviflti        amavistia  amatus  ■<  es        amati-<  estis 
amavit          amavenmt,  or  -re  [  est  [  sunt 


REGULAR    VERBS, 


221 


/  PLUPERFECT. 


/  had  loved^  etc. 


amaveram     amaveramus 
amaveras      amaveratis 
amaverat      amaverant 


/  had  been  loved^  etc. 

{eram  f  eramus 

eras     amati-^  eratis 
erat  [  erant 


FUTURE   PERFECT. 


/  shall  have  loved,  etc. 


amavero 
amaveris 
amaverit       amaverint 


amavenmus 
amaveritis 


/  shall  have  been  loved,  etc. 
(  ero  C  erimus 

amatus-j  eris      amati-^  eritis 
[^  erit  [  enmt 


^4>^^ 


irA-iT, 


amem 

ames 
amet 


amemus 
ametis 
-  ament 


Subjunctive. 

PRESENT. 

amer  amemur 

ameris,  or  -re  amemini 
ametur  amentur 


IMPERFECT. 

amarem         amaremus  amarer  amaremur 

amares  amaretis  amareris,  or  -re  amaremini 

amaret  amarent  amaretur  "        amarentur 


amaverim      amaverimus 
amaveris        amaveritis 
amaverit        amaverint 


rsimus 
amati  <  sitis 

[aint 


PLUPERFECT. 

amavissem    amavissemus  fessem  fessemus 

amavisses      amavissetis  amatus  <  esses  amati  <  essetis 

amavisset      amavissent  [esset  lessent 


222 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


L    ama,  love  thou. 
■^"amate,  love  ye. 

amato,  thou  shall  love. 
amato,  he  shall  love. 
amatote,  you  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


Imperative. 

PRESENT.  y'^  J^- 

amare,  be  thou  loved. 
jfamamini,  be  ye  loved. 

FUTURE. 

amator,  thou  shall  be  loved. 
amator,  he  shall  be  loved. 


amantor,  they  shall  be  loved. 


Infinitive. 

Pres.  amare,  to  love.  amari,  to  be  loved. 

Perf.  amavisse,  to  have  loved,  amatus  esse,  to  have  been  loved.. 

FuT.    amatunis    esse,    to    be  amatum  iri^  to  be  about  to  be 

about  to  love.  loved,  i  Vj*-  /\/J"^^^  -h/^^: 


Pres.  amans,  -antis,  loving 


•Participles. 
Pres. 


%dJ\ 


Fur.    amatunis,  -a,  -xiin,  about    Ger.^  amandus,  -a,  -um,  to  be 
to  love.  loved. 

Perf. Perf.  amatus,  -a,  lun,   loved, 

having  been  loved. 


Gerund. 

N.     

G.     amandi,  of  loving. 
D.     dimaxidiO,  for  loving. 
Ac.  amandum,  loving. 
Ab.  amando,  by  loving. 


Supine. 


Ac.  amatum,  to  love. 

Ab.  amatu,  to  love,  to  be  loved. 


1  Gerundive,     sometimes     less    correctly    called    future  passive 
participle. 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


Ill 


512.      Second  Conjugation.  —  E-Verbs. 
moneo,  advise. 
Principal  Parts:  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus.    —    — 

iMnir'Axivp'  / 


Indicative. 


ACTIVE. 


j^^^  rJ^ I  advise^  etc. 

'"■  moneo 


mpnes 
monet 


monemus 

monetis 

monent 


PASSIVE. 


PRESENT. 


I  am  advised,  etc. 


moneor 
moneris,  or-xe 
monetur 


monemur 
monemini 
monentur 


/  was  advising^  etc. 
monebam    monebamus 
monebas     monebatis 
monebat     monebant 


IMPERFECT. 

/  was  advised^  etc. 
monebar  monebamur 

monebaris,  or  -re  monebamini 
monebatur  monebantur 


/  shall  advise.,  etc. 
monebo       monebimus 
monebis      monebitis 
monebit      monebunt 


/  shall  be  advised.,  etc. 
monebor  monebimur 

moneberis,  or-xQ  monebimini 
monebitiir  monebuntur 


PERFECT, 

/  have  advised.,  I  advised.,  etc.      I  have  been  {was)  advised,  etc. 
monui  monuimus  fsuia  rsmnus 

monuisti      monuistis  monitus^  es  moniti-^  estis 

monuit        monuerunt,  or  -re  I  est  I  sunt 


PLUPERFECT. 

/  had  advised.,  etc.  /  had  been  advised.,  etc. 

monueram  monueramus  f  eram  f  eramus 

monueras   monueratis  monitus-^  eras       moniti-|  eratis 
monuerat    monuerant  [erat  Iterant 


224 


REGULAR    VERBS, 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

/  shall  have  advised^  etc.      /  shall  have  been  advised^  etc. 
monuero     monuerimus  fero  rerimus 

monueris    monueritis  monitus-l  eris       moniti-l  eritia 

monuerit     monuerint  [erit  [erunt 


■  ^  ,  £,  r/  ^ti-wi 


moneam 

moneas 

moneat 


moneamuB 

moneatis 

moneant 


Subjunctive. 

PRESENT, 

monear  moneamur 

monearis,  or  -re  moneammi 
moneatur  moneantur 


IMPERFECT. 

monerem         moneremus       monerer  moneremur 

moneres  moneretis  monereris,  <7r -re  moneremini 

moneret  monerent  moneretur  monerentur 

monuerim       monuerimus 
monueris         monueritis 
monuerit         monuerint 

PLUPERFECT. 

monuissem     monuissemus  Tessem  fesseinus 

monuisses      monuissetis       monitus-^  esses    moniti-;  essetis 
monuisset      monuissent  [  esset 


b.KJ:'  liU  1. 

'aim 

simus 

monitus  ^ 

sis 

moniti  - 

sitis 

sit 

sint 

[essent 


Imperative. 

PRESENT. 

moni,  advise  thou.  monere,  be  thou  advised. 

monete,  advise  ye.  monemini,  be  ye  advised. 

K  «yV FUTURE.  P^-A  <^^    , 

moneto,  thou  shalt  advise.  monitor,  thou  shall  be  adv'^d. 

moneto,  he  shall  advise.  monitor,  he  shall  be  advised. 

monitote,  you  shall  advise.  

monento,  they  shall  advise.  monentor,  they  shall  be  adv^d. 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


22S 


Infinitive. 


Pres.  monere,  to  advise. 

Perf.  monuisse,  to  have  ad- 
vised. 

FUT.  monitunis  esse,  to  be 
about  to  advise. 


moneri,  to  be  advised. 
monitiis  esse,  to  have  been 

advised. 
monitum   iri,  to  be  about  to  be 

advised. 


^  ^  .    ,  ,  Participles. 

Pres.  monens,  -entis,  advising.    Pres. 


FuT.    monitunis,      -a,      -uin, 
about  to  advise. 

Gerund. 

N.    

G.     monendi,  of  advising. 
D.     monendUo,  for  advising. 
Ac.  monendum,  advising. 
Ab.  monendo,  by  advising. 


Ger.    monendus,  -a,  -um,  to 

be  advised. 
Perf.  monitus,  -di^van.,advised, 

having  been  advised. 

Supine. 


Ac.  monitum,  to  advise. 
Ab.  monitu,  to  advise,  to 
advised. 


513.        Third  Conjugation.  — E- Verbs. 


rego,  rule. 


'n-.A^  I 


Principal  Parts  :  rego,  regere,  rexi,  rectus. 


ACTIVE. 

^      ":A^'^/r«/^,  etc. 

Indicative.     " 

PASSIVE. 

PRESENT. 

I  ajn  ruled,  etc. 

"^    rego              regimus 
regis              regitis 
regit             regunt 

regor                      regimur 
.    regeris,  or  -re        regimini 
regitur                   reguntur 

226 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


IMPERFECT. 


/  was  rulings  etc. 

/  was 

ruled,  etc. 

regebam       regebamus 

regebar 

regebamur 

regebas         regebatis 

regebaris,  or  -re 

!    regebamini 

regebat         regebant 

regebatur 

FUTURE. 

regebantur 

/  shall  rule,  etc. 

/  shall  be  ruled,  etc. 

regam            regemus 

regar 

regemur 

regis             regetis 

regeris,  or  -re 

regemini 

reget             regent 

regetur 

PERFECT. 

regentur 

/  have  ruled,  etc. 

/  have  been  ruled,  etc. 

rexi                reximus 

fsum 

sumua 

rexisti           rexistis 

rectus-  es 

recti-  estis 

rexit              rexenint,  or  ■ 

■re                 [  est 

PLUPERFECT. 

sunt 

I  had  ruled,  etc. 

/  had  been  ruled,  etc. 

rexeram        rexeramus 
rexeras         rexeratis 
rexerat         rexerant 


{eram  f  eramus 

eras  recti  ^  eratis 

erat  [erant 


FUTURE    PERFECT. 

/  shall  have  ruled,  etc.  /  shall  have  been  ruled,  etc. 

rexero  rexerimus  fero  ferimus 


rexeris 

rexeritis 

rectus-^  eris 

recti -^  eritis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

.erit 

Subjunctive. 

PRESENT. 

[erunt 

regam 

regamus 

regar 

regamur 

regas 

regatis 

regards,  or  -re 

regamini 

regat 

regant 

regatur 

regantur 

REGULAR    VERBS, 

227 

IMPERFECT. 

regerem 

regeremuB 

regerer 

regeremur 

regeres 

regeretis 

rege!reris,  or  -re 

regeremini 

regeret 

regerent 

regeretur 

PERFECT. 

regerentur 

rexerim 

rexerimuB 

rsim 

'  simus 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rectus^  sis 

recti  j  sitis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

sit 

PLUPERFECT. 

^sint 

rexissem 

rexissemus 

'  essem 

'  essemus 

rexisses 

rexissetis 

rectus-^  esses 

recti -^  essetis 

rexisset 

rexissent 

esset 

Imperative. 

essent 

rege,  rule  thou. 
regite,  rule  ye. 

regito.  thou  shall  rule. 
regito,  he  shall  rule. 
regitote,  ye  shall  rule. 
regunto,  they  shall  rule. 


PRESENT. 

regere,  be  thou  ruled. 
regimini,  be  ye  ruled. 

FUTURE. 

regitor,  thou  shall  be  ruled. 
regitor,  he  shall  be  ruled. 


Pres.  regere,  to  rule. 
Perf.  rexisse,  to  have  ruled. 
FuT.    rectiinis     esse,    to    be 

about  to  rule. 


reguntor,  they  shall  be  ruled. 

Infinitive. 

regi,  to  be  ruled. 


Participles. 
/"   Pres.  regens,  -entis,  ruling.         Pres. 


rectus  esse,  to  have  been  ruled. 
rectum  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 
ruled. 


FUT.    rectiinis,  -a,  -um,  about 
to  rule. 
/>  Perf.  


Ger.    regendus,  -a,  -um,  to  be 

ruled. 
Perf.  rectus,  -a,  -um,  ruled^ 

having  been  ruled. 


228  REGULAR    VERBS. 

Gerund.  Supine. 


N.     

G.     regendi,  of  ruling.  

D.     r&genAo,  for  ruling.  

Ac.  regendum,  ruling.  Ac.  rectum,  to  rule. 

Ab.  regendo,  by  ruling.  Ab.  rectu,  to  rule,  to  be  ruled. 

514.     Third  Conjugation. —  Verbs  in -lo.  ft  a/\J"V 

Principal  Parts  :  capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus 


Indicative  Mood. 

ACTIVE.  PASSIVE. 

PRESENT. 

/  take,  etc.  /  am  taken. 

capio  capimus  capior  capimur 

capis  capitis  ^  caperis,  or-xQ  capimini 

capit  capiunt  capitur  capiuntur 

IMPERFECT. 

/  was  taking,  etc.  /  was  taken,  etc. 

capiebam       capiebamus  capiebar  capiebamur 

capiebas         capiebatis  capiebaris,  or  -re     capiebamini 

capiebat         capiebant  capiebatur  capiebantur 

FUTURE. 

/  shall  take,  etc.  /  shall  be  taken,  etc. 

capiam  capiemus  capiar  capiemur 

capies  capietis  capieris,  or  -re         capiemini 

capiet  capient  capietur  capientur 

PERFECT. 

cepi,  cepiBti,  cepit,  etc.  captus  sum,  es,  est,  etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 

ceperam,  ceperas,  ceperat,  etc.  captus  eram,  eras,  erat,  etc. 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

cepero,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.      captus  ero,  eris,  erit,  etc. 


<ujJ»»aJlmA-  =^ 


\t 


REGULAR    VERBS.  229 

Subjunctive. 

PRESENT. 

capiam,  capias,  capiat,  etc.         capiar,  -iaris,  or  -re,  -iatur,  etc. 

IMPERFECT. 

caperem,  caperes,  caperet,  etc.  caperer,  -ereris,  or  -re,  -eretur 

PERFECT. 

ceperim,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.    captus  aim,  sis,  sit,  etc. 

PLUPERFECT. 

cepissem,  cepisses,  cepisset,  etc.  captus  essem,  esses,  esset,  etc. 

Imperative. 

Pres.  cape,  take  thou.  capere,  be  thou  taken. 

capite,  take  ye.  capimini,  be  ye  taken. 

FuT.    capito,  thou  shalt  take,  capitor,  thou  shalt  be  taken, 
etc.  etc. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  capere,  to  take.  capi,  to  be  taken. 

Perf.  cepisse,  to  have  taken,    captus  esse,  to  have  been  taken. 
FuT.    capturus   esse,  to    be    captum   iri,  to  be  about  to  be 
about  to  take.  taken. 

Participles. 


l^  Pres.  capiens,  -ientis,  taking.    Pres. 


FuT.    capturus,  ^^^«/ /"^ /^/&^.  Ger.   q,2c^\%w.6.\m&,  to  be  taken. 

Perf.  Ferf.  ca,ptaB,  having  been  taken. 

Gerund.  Supine. 

G.  capiendi,  of  taking,  Ac.      captum,  to  take. 

e^c.  •^^-      captu,  to  take,  to  be  taken. 


230 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


^^^^J4x^  (?eH^'  VthJUu  oytt^  Ur  iru 


515. 


Fourth  Conjugation.  —  I  -Verbs. 


audio,  hear.  \ 

Principal  Parts  :  audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus. 


^^^.A'VA- 


ACTIVE. 

I  hear,  etc. 
audio  audimus 

audis  auditis 

audit  audiunt 


Indicative. 

PASSIVE. 

PRESENT. 

I  atn  heard,  etc. 
audior  audimur 

audiris,  or  -re     .  audimini 
auditur  audiuntur 


/  was  hearing,  etc. 
audiebam    audiebamus 
audiebas      audiebatis 
audiebat      audiebant 


IMPERFECT. 

/  was  heard,  etc. 
audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebaris,  or  -re  audiebamini 
audiebatur  audiebantur 


I  shall  hear,  etc. 

/  shall  be  heard,  etc. 

audiam 

audiemus 

audiar 

audiemur 

audies 

audietis 

audieris,  or  -re 

audiemini 

audiet 

audient 

audietur 

PERFECT. 

audientur 

I  have  heard,  etc.  • 

/  have  been  heard,  etc. 

audivi 

audivimus 

r  HlimUB 

audlvisti 

audlvistia 

auditus^  es 

audit! -^  estis 

audlvit         audiverunt,  <?r-re 


est 


sunt 


REGULAR    VERBS.  231 

PLUPERFECT. 

/  had  heard,  etc.  /  had  been  heard,  etc. 

audiveram  audlveramus  feram  feramus 

audiveras     audlveratis  audltusj  eras       auditi^  eratis 

audiverat     audlverant  Lerat  [erant 

FUTURE    PERFECT. 

/  shall  have  heard,  etc.         /  shall  have  been  heard,  etc. 

audiveio      audlverimus  Tero  rerimus 

audiveris      audiveritis  audltus^  ens        audlti-^  eritis 

audlverit      audiverint  [erit  [enint 

audiam        audiamus  audiar  '^auflJjmiir     a^A., 

audiaa  audiatis  audiaris,  or  -re     audiamini        —  ^ 

audiat  audiant  audiatur  audiantur        ^-^     — 


IMPERFECT. 

audirem       audiremus  audirer  audiremur 

audires        audiretis  audireris,  or  -re  audiremini 

audiret         audirent  audiretur  audirentur 

PERFECT. 

audiverim    audlverimus  rsim  rsimus 

audiveris     audiveritis  audltus-^  sis  auditi<^  sitis 

audlverit      audiverint  [sit  [sint 

PLUPERFECT. 

audivissem  audlvissemus  Tessem  fessemus 

audivisses    audivissetis  auditus-^  esses  auditi-^  essetis 

audivisset    audlvissent  lesaet  I  essent 


232 


REGULAR    VERBS. 


audi,  hear  thou. 
audite,  hear  ye. 


Imperative. 

PRESENT. 

audire,  be  thou  heard. 
audimini,  be  ye  heard. 


FUTURE. 


audits,  thou  shalt  hear. 
audito,  he  shall  hear. 
auditote,  ye  shall  hear. 
audlunto,  they  shall  hear. 


auditor,  thou  shalt  be  heard. 
auditor,  he  shall  be  heard. 


audiuntor,  they  shall  be  heard. 


Infinitive. 


Pres.  audire,  to  hear. 
Perf.  audivisse,  tohave heard. 
FuT.    auditurus    esse,    to   be 
about  to  hear. 


audiri,  to  be  heard. 
audltus  esse,  to  have  been  heard. 
audltuna  iri,  to  be  about  to  be 
heard. 


Participles. 


Pres.  audiens,  -entis,  hearing. 
FuT.    auditiirus,  -a,  -um,  about 

to  hear. 
Perf. 


Pres. 

Ger.    audiendus,  -a,  -um, 


to 


be  heard. 
Perf.  audltus,  -a,  -um,  heard., 
having  been  heard. 


Gerund. 

N.     

G.     audiendi,  of  hearing. 
D .     audiendo,  for  he  a  ring. 
Ac.  audiendimi,  hearing. 
Ab.  audiendo,  by  hearing. 


Supine. 


Ac.  auditum,  to  hear. 
Ab.    audi  til,    to    hear, 
heard. 


to    be 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


233 


IRREGULAR   VERBS. 
515,  Sum  (STEMS  es,  fu),  be. 

Principal  Parts  :    sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus. 
Indicative. 


Singular. 
sum^  /  a7n. 
es,  thou  art. 
estj  he  {she,  it^  is. 


eram,  /  was. 
eras,  thou  wast. 
erat,  he  was. 

ero,  /  shall  be. 
eris,  thou  wilt  be. 
erit,  >^^  will  be. 


Plural. 
sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 

IMPERFECT, 

eramus,  we  were. 
eratis,_yf?«  were. 
erant,  //^^j/  were. 

FUTURE. 

erimus,  -zt/*?  j^^//  be. 
eritis,  j^^^  w///  (^^. 
enint,  they  will  be. 


PERFECT. 

fui,  /  have  been,  was.  fuimus,  we  have  been,  were. 

f uisti,  thou  hast  been,  wast.        f uistis,  you  have  been,  were. 
fuit,  he  has  been,  was.  J  f  uerunt,  or 

\  fuere,  they  have  been,  were. 


fueram,  /  had  been. 
fueras,  thou  hadst  been. 
fuerat,  he  had  been. 


PLUPERFECT. 

fueramus,  we  had  been. 
fueratis,  you  had  been. 
fuerant,  they  had  been. 


FUTURE   PERFECT. 

fuero,  /  shall  have  been.  fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 

fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been.        fueritis,  you  will  have  been. 
fuerit,  he  will  have  been.  fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 


234 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


Singular. 
sim 

PRESENT. 
Plural. 

simus 

Subjunctive. 

Singular. 

essem 

IMPERFECT. 

Plural. 
essemus 

SIS 

sitis 

esses 

essetis 

sit 

sint 

esset 

essent 

fuerim 

PERFECT. 

^^fuerimus 

fuissem 

PLUPERFECT, 

fuissemus 

fueris 

fueritis 

fuisses 

fuissetis 

fuerit 

fuerint 

fuisset 
Imperative. 

fuissent 

es,  be  thou. 

Singular. 

PRESENT. 

este,  be  ye. 

Plural. 

*• 

FUTURE. 

esto,  thou  shall  be. 
esto,  he  shall  be. 

Infinitive. 
Pres.  esse,  to  be. 
Perf.  fuisse,  to  have  been. 
FUT.    futurus     esse,     to 
about  to  be. 


estote,  ye  shall  be. 
sunto,  they  shall  be. 

Participle. 
be   futurus,  -a,  -mn,  about  to  be. 


517.      possum,  posse,  potui. 


-,  be  able,  can. 


Indicative. 


Subjunctive. 


Singular. 

Pres.  possum 
potes 
potest 
I  MP.     poteram 
FuT.    potero 
Perf.  potui 
Plup.  potueram 
F.  P.   potuero 


Plural. 

possmnus 

potestis 

possimt 

poteramus 

poterimus 

potumius 

potueramus 

potuerimus 


Singular. 
possim 
possis 
possit 
PQSsem 


Plural. 
possimus 
possitis 
possint 
possimus 


potuerim' 


poruenm'       potuerknus 

potuissem      potuissemus 


Infinitive. 
Pres.  posse  Perf.  potuisse 


IRREGULA^R    VERBS. 
518.        prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profutunis,  benefit. 


235 


Indicative. 

Subjunctive: 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Singular. 

Plural. 

Pres. 

prosum 

prosumus 

prosim 

prosimus 

prodes 

prodestis 

prosis 

prositis 

prodest 

prosunt 

prosit 

prosint 

Imp. 

proderam 

proderamus 

prodessem 

prodessemus 

FUT. 

prodero 

proderimus 

Perf. 

profui 

profnimus 

profuerim 

-  profuerimus 

Plup. 

profueram 

profueramua 

profuissem 

profuissemuB 

F.  P. 

profuero 

profuerimus 

Imperative. 

Pres.  prodes,  prodeste 


FuT.  prodeato,  prodest^te , 

Infinitive. 

Pres.  prodesse  Perf.  profuisse 

FuT.  profutunis  esse 

Participle. 
FuT.  profutunis,  -a,  -um 


519.  volo,  velle,  volui,  - 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  - 
malo,  malle,  malui, 


be  willing,  will,  wish, 
be  unwilling,  will  ftot. 
-,  be  more  willing,  prefer. 


Indicative. 

Pres.  volo 

nolo 

.malo 

via 

'  non  via 

mavia 

vult 

non  vult 

mavult     ' 

volumua 

nolumua 

malumiis 

vultis 

non  vultia 

mavultia 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Imp.    volebam 

nolebam 

malebam 

Fut.    volam,  voles,  etc. 

nolam,  noles,  etc. 

malam,  malea,  etc. 

Perf.  volui 

nolui 

malui 

Plup.  volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

F.  P.   voluero 

noluero 

maluero 

236 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


Pres.  velim 

veils 

veUt 

velimus 

velitis 

velint 

Imp. 

vellem 

Perf.  voluerim 

Plup.  voluissem 

Pres, 

FUT. 

Pres. 

velle 

Perf 

.    voluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

Subjunctive. 

nolim 

malim 

nolis 

malis 

noUt 

malit 

nolimus 

maliTmiff 

nolitis 

malitis 

nolint 

malint 

nollem 

mallem 

noluerim 

maluerim 

noluissem 

maluissem 

Imperative. 

noli 

nolite 

nolito,  etc. 
Infinitive. 

nolle 

malle 

noluisse 

maluisse 

Participle. 

nolens 

520.    eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  itunis,  go. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum  (supplies  passive  to  facio,  make)^ 
be  made,  become. 

Indicative. 


Pres. 

eo 

imus 

fio 

fimus 

is 

itis 

fis 

fitis 

it 

eunt 

fit 

fiimt 

' 

Indicative. 

Imp. 

ibam 

fiebam 

FUT. 

ibo 

fiam 

Perf. 

ii 

factus 

sum 

Plup. 

ieram 

factus 

eram 

F.  P. 

iero 

factus 

ero 

IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


237 


Pres. 

earn 

Subjunctive. 

fiam 

Imper. 

irem 

fierem 

Perf. 

ierim 

factus  Sim 

Plup. 

iissem 

factus  essem 

Imperative. 

Pres.  i 

ite 

fi 

FuT.    its 

itote 

ito 

^iml'n 

Pres. 

ire 

Infinitive. 

fieri 

Perf. 

iisse 

factus  esse 

FUT. 

iturus  ( 

esse 

Partici 

PLES. 

factum  iri 

Pres. 

iens,  G 

en.  euntis 

Pres. 

FUT. 

iturus, 

-a,  -um 

Ger. 

faciendus 

Perf. 

Perf. 

factus 

Gkruni 

). 

Supine. 

N 

G.     eundi 

D.     eundo 

4c.  eundum 

Ac.  itum 

Ab.  eundo 

Ab.  itu 

fite 


521.    fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus :  bear.,  carry.,  endure, 
'        Indicative. 


ACTIVE.  , 

passive. 

Pres. 

fero 

ferimus 

feror                 ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris,  or  -re     ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur                 feruntur 

Imp. 

ferebam 

ferebar 

Fut. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tuli 

latus  sum 

Plup. 

tuleram 

latus  eram 

f.  p. 

tulero 

latus  ero 

238 


IRREGULAR    VERBS. 


"J 


Subjunctive. 

Pres. 

feram 

ferar           j:  ^  ^ 

Imp. 

ferrem 

ferrer  --x^"^ 

Perf. 

tulerim 

latuB  Sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

Imperative. 

ACTIVE.  PASSIVE. 

Pres.  fer  ferte  [lerre]  ferimini 


Put. 

ferto            fertote 
ferto            ferunto 

fertor 

fertor                feruntor 

Pres. 
Perf. 

FUT. 

ferre 
tulisse 
laturus  esse 

Infin 

ITIVE. 

ferri 

latus  esse 
latmn  iri 

Pres. 

FUT. 
Pfrf 

ferens 
laturus 

Participles. 
Pres. 
Ger. 

ferendus 

latllR 

X  i^rir . 

N. 

G. 

D. 

Ac. 

Ab. 

Gerund. 

XaLUn 

Supine. 

ferendi 
ferendo 
,  ferendum 
,  ferendo 

Ac. 
Ab. 

latum 
latu 

RULES    OF   SYNTAX. 


N.  B.  —  These  rules  are  here  numbered  consecutively  for  the  convenience  of  teachers 
and  pupils.     The  number  following  a  rule  is  its  section  number. 


1.  The  subject  of  a  finite  verb  is  in  the  nomi- 
native.   22. 

2.  A  finite  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  num- 
ber and  person,    65. 

3.  A  predicate  noun  agrees  with  the  subject  in 
case.    37. 

4.  An  appositive  agrees  in  case  with  the  noun 
which  it  limits.    45. 

5.  A  noun  used  to  limit  or  define  another,  and 
not  meaning  the  same  person  or  thing,  is  put  in 
the  genitive.    36. 

6.  The  partitive  genitive  is  used  to  denote  the 
whole  of  which  a  part  is  tahen.    203. 

7.  Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender, 
number,  and  case.    53. 

8.  A  predicate  adjective  after  a  complementary 
infinitive  agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  main 
verb.    298. 

9.  The  indirect  object  is  put  in  the  dative.    28. 


240  RULES   OF  SYNTAX. 

10.  The  dative  is  used  with  est,  sunt,  etc., 
forms  of  the  verb  sum  (516),  to  denote  possession, 
the  thing  possessed  being  the  subject.    29. 

11.  Most  verbs  meaning  to  favor,  please,  be- 
lieve, trust,  help,  and  their  opposites,  also  to  per- 
suade, command,  obey,  serve,  resist,  pardon,  and 
spare,  and  the  like,  govern  the  dative.    372. 

12.  Many  verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante, 
con,  in,  inter,  ob,  post,  prae,  pro,  sub,  and  super, 

govern  the  dative.    397. 

13.  The  dative  is  used  with  sum  and  a  few 
other  verbs  to  show  that  for  which  a  thing 
serves,    399. 

14.  The  gerundive  with  sum  tahes  the  dative 
denoting  the  person  who  has  a  thing  to  do.    466. 

15.  Tl%e  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is  in 
the  accusative.    23. 

16.  J^ames  of  towns  used  to  express  place 
whither  are  put  in  the  accusative  without  a 
preposition.    269. 

17.  Extent  of  time  or  space  ^5  expressed  by  the 
accusative.    260. 

18.  The  agent  with  a  passive  verb  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab.    76. 

19.  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  the  means 
or  instrument  of  an  action.    84. 


RULES  OF  SYNTAX.  241 

20.  The  manner  of  an  action  is  denoted  by  the 
ablative,  usually  with  cum;  but  cum  may  be 
omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used  with  the  abla- 
tive.   93. 

21.  The  ablative  is  used  to  express  cause.    132. 

22.  The  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a  noun 
may  be  used  with  an  adjective  to  describe  a  per- 
son or  thing.     140. 

23.  Twne  when  or  within  which  ^5  expressed 
by  the  ablative.    155. 

24.  The  ablative  is  used  with  verbs,  adjectives, 
and  nouns,  to  denote  in  what  respect  a  thing  is 
trite.    168. 

25.  The  comparative  is  followed  by  the  abla- 
tive when  quam  {than)  is  omitted.    194. 

26.  Degree  of  difference  is  expressed  by  the 
ablative.      210. 

27.  Accompaniment  is  expressed  by  the  abla- 
tive with  cum.    241. 

28.  IJtor,    fruor,    fung-br,    potior,    vescor,    and 

their  compounds,  govern  the  ablative.    361. 

29.  The  ablative  absolute  is  used  to  express 
the  time,  cause,  condition,  or  some  other  circum- 
stance of  the  action  of  the  main  verb.      388. 

30.  Words  signifying  privation,  removal ,  or 
separation  are  followed  by  the  ablative,  with  or 
without  a  preposition.     413. 


242  RULES   OF  SYNTAX. 

31.  Names  of  Towns  :  (i)  Place  where  is  ex- 
pressed hy  the  locative.    407.    See  180. 

(2)  Place  whither  is  expressed  hy  the  accusa- 
tive without  a  preposition.    407.     See  269. 

(3)  Place  whence  is  expressed  hy  the  ablative 
without  a  preposition.    407. 

"^  32.  A  relative  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in 
gender  and  numher,  hut  its  case  depends  on  tlxe 
construction  of  the  clause  in  which  it  stands.    113. 

U-  33.  The  suhjunctive  is  used  with  ut  and  ne  to 
express  purpose.    254. 

34.  The  suhjunctive  is  used  with  ut  and  ut 
non  to  express  result     278. 

K'  35.  In  a  cum-clause  expressing  time,  the  verh 
is  in  the  suhjunctive  if  the  tense  is  the  imperfect 
or  pluperfect;  otherwise,   in  the  indicative.    382. 

36.  The  verh  of  an  indirect  question  is  in  the 
subjunctive.    421. 

37.  The  suhjunctive  is  used  in  relative  clauses 
of  purpose,  result,  characteristic,  and  cause.    433. 

38.  The  suhjunctive  is  used  with  cum  causal 
or  concessive.      435. 

39.  Wishes  are  expressed  hy  the  suhjunctive 
with  or  without  utinam,  {oh  that!)    441. 

40.  Wishes  referring  to  the  future,  im^mediate 
or  more  remote,  are  expressed  hy  the  present  sub- 
junctive.    442. 

41.  Wishes  referring  to  the  present  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  imperfect  subjunctive.     442. 


RULES  OF  SYNTAX.  243 

42.  Wlslies  referring  to  the  past  are  expressed 
hy  the  pluperfect  subjunctive.    442. 

43.  Conditional  sentences  referring  to  present 
or  past  time  and  implying  nothing  as  to  fact 
have  tJie  indicative  in  both  clauses.    450. 

44.  Conditional  sentences  referring  to  present 
or  past  time  and  contrary  to  fact  have  the  sub- 

.  junctive  in  both  clauses,  the  imperfect  referring 
to  present  time,  the  pluperfect  to  past  time.    451. 

45.  Conditional  sentences  referring  to  future 
time,  if  more  vivid,  tahe  the  future  or  future 
^perfect  indicative ;  if  less  vivid,  tahe  the  present 
subjunctive  in  both  clauses.    452. 

^ — ^46.  A  primary  tense  in  the  main  clause  is 
followed  hy  the  present  or  perfect  subjunctive  in 
the  dependent  clause,  and  a  secondary  tense  by 
the  imperfect  or  pluperfect  subjunctive.    419. 

47.  The  tenses  of  the  infinitive  denote  present, 
future,  or  past  time,  relatively  to  the  time  of  the 
leading  verb.    320. 

y^  48.  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  in  the 
ax^cusative.    299. 

t<~49.  Indirect  statements  follow  verbs  and  obl%er 
expressions  of  saying,  thinhing,  knowing,  and 
perceiving,  and  are  expressed  hy  the  infinitive 
with  subject-accusative.    318. 

50.  The  supine  in  um  is  used  after  verbs  of 
motion  to  express  purpose.    476.^ 


LATIN-ENGLISH   VOCABULARY. 


This  Vocabulary  includes  all  the  words  of  the  Reading  Lessons. 


In  this  vocabulary  words  inclosed  in  brackets  are,  in  most  cases,  those  which  are 
given  in  Latin  lexicons  and  special  vocabularies  as  the  primitives  of  those  against 
which  they  are  set.  But,  except  in  compounds,  and  words  obviously  formed 
directly  from  others,  it  would  be  more  correct  to  regard  the  bracketed  words  as 
connected  with  the  others  in  formation  from  a  common  root  or  stem.  It  is  on 
this  ground  that  such  instances  will  be  found  as  cura  referred  to  CUr5,  and  CUrO 
to  cura.  Neither  is,  strictly  speaking,  derived  from  the  other,  but  both  are 
formed  from  the  stem  CUra. 

Words  printed  in  Gothic  Italic  type  are  at  once  derivatives  and  definitions. 
Many  other  more  or  less   remotely  derived  words,  not  definitions,  are  added  in 

SMALL  CAPITALS. 

It  will  be  seen  that  comparisons  of  words  in  reference  to  meaning  are  much 
more  frequent  than  is  usual  in  special  vocabularies.  This  has  been  done  from  the 
conviction  that  the  pupils  should  make  such  comparisons  frequently  from  the  outset. 

a  or  ab,  prep.  w.  2ib\.,from,  by.  ab-sum,  -esse,  aful,  afuturus,  be 

ab-dico,   -are,   avi,  -atus,  reject;  away,   be   absent,    be   distant ; 

with  se,  resign,  abdicate.  with  a  or  ab  and  abl.     (516.) 

ab-diico,  -ere,  -duxi,  -ductus,  lead  ab-utor,   -i,  -iisus  sum,   misuse ; 

away,  take  off ;  abduct.  abuse  ;  with  abl.     (361.) 

ab-e5,  -Ire,  -ii,  -iiuxxis,  go  from,  go  ac,  conj.,  see  atque. 

off,  go  away.     (520.)  ac-cedo,    -ere,    -cessi,    -cessurus 

ab-ici5,  -ere,  -ieci,  iectus  [iacio],  [ad],   go    or    come   near,    ap- 

throw  off,  throw  down.  proach. 

abs-terge5,    -ere,    -tersi,  -tersus,  ac-cendo,    -ere,   -di,  -sus,  kindle, 

wipe  off.  inflame. 

abs-tine5,      -ere,      -uT,     -tentus  ;^^c-cido, -ere, -cidi, [ad,cado], 

[teneo],     keep    back;     refrain  fall    upon,   fall    out,    happen. 

from,  abstain.  Accident. 


ac-cipio  246  Albanus 

ac-cipio, -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus   [ad,         [adolesco,  grow],  yozaA,  young 

C2i^\o\,  {take  to),  receive,  accept.         person.      ADOLESCENCE.      Cf. 
ac-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [ad,  cau-        iuvenis. 

sa],  accuse.  .  adventus,   -us,  m.  [advenio,  ap- 

acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.  sharp,  keen  ;        proacfi],      approach,      arrival. 

active,  eager.     (163.)     Acrid.  Advent. 

acerbus,   -a,    -um    [acer],   bitter,    adversus,    -a,    -um    [p.    of    ad- 

sour.  \Qxto],  turned  towards,  opposite, 

acies,  -el,  f.  [acer],  edge  ;  line  of         in  front. 

battle.  I^aedificium,  -I,  n.  [aedifico],  build- 

acriter,     adv.     [acer],     sharply,        ing.     Edifice. 

eagerly.  t.  aedifico,   -are,  -avi, -atus  [aedes, 

acutus, -a,  -um  [acuo,  sharpen],         house,  idicio],  build.     Edify. 

sharp.  aedis  (es-),  -is,  f.  building ;  plur. 

ad,  prep.  w.  ace,  to,  towards,  near.         house. 
ad-e5,  adv.  to  this ;  so,  so  very.     Aedui,  -orum,  m.  the  Aeduans,  a 

Cf.  ita,  sic,  and  tam.  Gallic  tribe. 

a.d-eo, -Ire, -ii, -itus,go to,  approach fi^aegei J  aegra,  aegnim,  adj.   sick, 

visit.     (520.)  weak,  feeble.     (500.) 

ad-fero  (aff-),  -ferre,  attuli  (adt),  uAegyptus,  -T,  f.  Egypt. 

adlatus   (all-),    bear  to,   bring,  uaer,  aeris,  m.  (ace.  aera),  air. 

(521.)  i^aestas,  -atis,  f.  summer. 

ad-fligo  (aff-),  -ere,  -flixl,  fllctus,t  aetas,  -atis,  f.  life,  age. 

dash  at ;  weaken,  afflict.  ,_^  Africa,  -ae,  f.  Africa. 

ad-icio,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [iacio]^    Africanus,  -1,  m.  [Africa],  Afri- 

throw  to  ;  add  to.  canus,  surname  of  Scipio. 

ad-iuvo,  -are,   -iuvi,    -iutus,   aid,  :^^gQX,d.gn,ra.  f  eld,  territory,  {^"j.) 

help.  ag-gredior  (adg-),  -T,  -gressus  sunj 

ad-lig5    (all-),    -are,    -avi,    atus,         [ad,    gradior,   step],  approach, 

bifid,  tie.  attack. 

ad-orior,  -iri,  -ortus  sum  {rise  up  i^agiio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [frequenta- 

against),  attack.  tive    of    ago],   shake,    disturb, 

ad-repo    (arr-),     -ere,   -si,    ,        chase,  drive.     Agitate. 

creep  towards,  steal  up.  agnosco,  -ere,  -gn6\i,  -gnitus  [ad, 

ad-ripio   (arr-),  -ere,  -ui,  -reptus         (g)n6sc6,  know],  recognize.    Cf. 

[rapio],  seize,  snatch.  cognosco. 

ad-sid5,  -ere,  -edi, ,  sit  down,     ago,  -ere,  egi,  actus,  drive,  lead ; 

ad-sum,  -esse,  -fui  (aff-),  -futurus,         act,  do ;  celebrate  ;  pass  {life). 

be   present,   be    here;    w.  dat.  L^agricola,   -ae,    m.    [ager,   colo], 

(516.)  farmer. 

-entis,     m.    and    f.     Albanus, -a, -um,  adj.  4/6a/;;  as 


albus 


247 


arz 


noun,    inhabitant   of   Alba,    a 

town  in  Latitim. 
albus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  white. 
Alexander,   -dri,   m.    Alexander, 

king  of  AI ace  don. 
aliquam-diu,  z-dw.for  a  time.   . 
ali-quand5,  adv.  [alius],  at  some 

time  ;  formerly,  once.    Cf.  olim. 
ali-quantum,  -T,  n.  [alius],  some, 

a  cojtsiderable  amount. 
aliquis,  -qua,  -quid  (-quod),  indef. 

pron.    some     one,    some,    any. 

(308.) 
alius,  -a, -ud,  adj.  another,  other; 

alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  another. 

(292.) 
al5,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  or  -itus,  nourish, 

strengthen. 
Alpes,  -ium,  f.  the  Alps. 
alter,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  the  other 

{of  two);  alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one, 

.  .  .  the  other.     (291,  292,  a.) 
altitiido,  -inis,  f.  [altus],  height. 
altus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  high,  deep. 
ambulo,    -are,   -avT,  -atus,    walk, 

take  a  walk. 
amicitia,  -ae,  f.  [amicus], /r/<?«^- 

ship. 
amicus,  -a,  -um,  adj .  [amo]  .friend- 
ly ;  nonn,  friend. 
amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  love,  like,  be 

fond  of     (511.) 
amplius,  adv.  comp.  more,  longer. 
ancilla,  -ae,  f .  maid^servant,  maid. 
anguis,  -is.  m.  serpent,  snake. 
angustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  narrow. 
anim-adverto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus  [ani- 
mus], turn  the  mind  to,  notice. 
animal,  -alls,  n.  [anima,  breath], 

living  being,  animal .     (148.) 
animus,  -I,  m.  mind^  soul,  spirit. 


annus,  -I,  m.year.    Annual. 
ante,  prep.  w.  ace,  before. 
antea,  adv.  [ante],  before. 
ante-cedo,   -ere,   -cessi,   ,  go 

before. 
ante-quam,  adv.  sooner  than,  be- 
fore. 
antiquus,   -a,   -um,   adj.    [ante], 

old,  ancient.     Antiquity.   Cf. 

vetus.     (175,  207.) 
aperio,  -ire,  -ui,  -tus,  open. 
ap-pello,   -are,   -avi,   -atus    [ad], 

address,  eall,  name.     Appeal. 
ap-plaudo,  -ere,    -si,    -sus   [ad], 

applaud. 
ap-prehendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -sus  [ad], 

seize,  take  hold  of 
apud,  prep.  w.  ace,  with,  by,  near, 

among. 
aqua,  -ae,  f.  water.    Aquatic. 
ara,  -ae,  f.  altar.     Page  8. 
aratrum,    -I,    n.    [aro],  plough. 

Page  34. 
arbor,  -oris,  f.  tree. 

arce5,  ere,  -ul, ,  keep  off. 

arcus, -us,  m,  ^^Tze;.    (231.)    Arc. 

Page  72,. 
arduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  steep  ;  diffi- 
cult, arduous. 
arma,  -orum,  n.  [armo],   arms, 

weapons. 
armo,    -are,    -avi,    atus    [arma], 

arm,  equip. 
ar5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  plough. 
Arpinum,  -i,  n.  Arpinum,  a  town 

in  Italy. 
ars,    artis,    f.    art,   skill;   plur. 

qualities. 
arvum,    -1,    n.    [aro],   ploughed 

land,  field. 
arx,  arcis,  f . [arceo] ,  citadel.  (152.) 


Asia  248  caedo 

Asia,  -ae,  f.  Asia.  autem,   conj.    (never    the    first 

at,  conj.  dut.    Cf.  sed  and  autem.         word),  du^,  however,  moreover. 
ater,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  black.     Cf.     auxilium,  -i,  n.  [augeo],  help,  aid, 

niger.  support;  p\nr.  auxiliaries. 

Athena,  -ae,  f.  Athena,  a  goddess,     avarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  greedy,  rapa- 
Athenae,  -arum,  f.  Attiens.  cious.    Avaricious. 

Atheniensis,   -is,  m.  [Athenae],    avis,  -is,  f.  bird.     (148,  r.) 

an  Athenian.  avunculus,    -T,     m.     [dimin.    of 

at-que    (before  vowels  and  con-         Z-vviS,  grandfather'],  {maternal) 

sonants,  ac  before  consonants         uncle. 

only)  [ad],  and  also,  and  espe- 
cially, and.     Cf.  et  and  -que.         barba,  -ae,  f.  beard. 
at-tingo,   -ere,   -tigi,   tactus  [ad,  c^^arbarus,  -i,  m.  barbarian. 

tango],  touch,  reach.  beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  happy. 

at-tonitus,  -a,  -um  [ad],  thunder-     bello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus    [bellum], 

struck,  astounded,  awe-struck.  war,  carry  on  war.     Cf.  bellum 

auctoritas,    -atis,    f.     authority,         gero. 

dignity.  :  bellum,  -I,  n.  [bello],  war. 

audacia,  -ae,  f.  [audax],  dT^r/w^,  ^bene,  adv.  [bonus],  w^//.     (215.) 

boldness.  Z-benignus,   -a,    -um,    adj.  [bene, 

audax,-acis,  adj.  [aude6],^/arz«^,         genus]    {of  good  birth),   kind, 

bold.     (163.)     Audacious.  good.    Benignant. 

audeo,  -ere,  ausus  sum  [audax],    bestia,  -ae,  f.  beast. 

dare,  be  bold.     (363,  a)  bibo,  -ere,  bibi, ,  drink. 

audio,   -Ire,  -Ivi  (-ii),  -Itus,  hear,  ^onus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  good.     (207, 

listen.     (515.)     Audience.  500.) 

au-fero,  auferre,  abstull,  ablatus     bos,    bovis,  m.  and  f.   ox,  cow. 

[ab(s)],    bear  off,  carry  away.         (499-) 

(510.)    Ablative.  bracchium,  -I,  n.  arm. 

au-fugio,   -ere,  fugl,  [ab],  /.brevis,  -e,  adj.  short,  brief. 

run  away,  escape,  /-Britannia,  -ae,  f.  Britain. 

auge5,  -ere,  auxi,  auctus  [auxili-L-Briitus,  -I,  m.  Brutus,  a  Roman 

um],  increase,  enlarge.  surname. 

Augustus,  -T,  m.  Augustus,  title 

of  Caesar  Octavianus  as  emperor.     C.,  abbreviation  for  Gains. 
aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aurum],  of    cachinno,  -are,  ■ , ,  laugh 

gold,  golden.  aloud.     Cf .  rideo. 

auris,  -is,  f.  ear.  cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casurus, /a//. 

aurum,  I,  n.  gold.  ^aedes,  -i3,  f.  [caedo,  cut],  slaugh- 

aut,  conj.  or  ;  aut  .  .  .  aut,  either        ter,  carnage. 

. .  .or.  caedd|-ere, cecidi, caesus, cut; kill. 


caenum  249  circum-sto 

Caenum,  -I,  n.  dirt,  filth,  mire.  castra,  -orum,  n.  camp. 

Caesar   (C.   I.),    -aris,  m.   Caius  casus,  -us,  m.  [cado],  a  falling; 

JuliusCaesar, a  famous  Roman.  chance;  misfortune,  loss. 

calcar,  -a^,  n.  [calx,  heel'l,  spur.  JDatilina,    -ae,    m.     Catiline,     a 

(148.)     Page  186.  famous  Roman  conspirator. 

calceus,  -1,  m.  shoe.     Page  1 52.  CatO,  -onis,  m.  Caio,  a  celebrated 

Campania,  -ae,   f.  Campania,  a  Roman  censor. 

district  of  Italy.  causa,    -ae,    f.    cause,     reason; 

Campanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Campa-  causa   (after  a  genitive),  for 

nian.  the  sake. 

canis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  dog.  LXeleritas,   -atis,  f.  [celer,  swift^, 

Cannensis,  -e,  adj.  [Cannae],  of  swiftness,  speed. 

Catinae.  celeriter,  adv.  [celer],  swiftly. 

canto,  -are,  -avi,   -atus  [cantus],  cel5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  conceal. 

sing.     Chant.  cena,  -ae,  f.  dinner. 

cantus,  -us,  m.  \zzxiio\,  singing,  censed, -ere, -ui, -us,  r<f<:/^(7«  ; /^/«>^, 

song.     Chant.  deem,  be  of  opinion.     Cf.  puto. 

capesso,    -ere,    -IvI    (-il),  -Iturus  Censure. 

[capio],    take    eagerly;    resort  centesimus,   -a,   -um,  num.  adj. 

to.  [centum],  hundredth. 

capillus,  -1,  m.  [caput],  hair  {of  LCentum,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  hun- 

the  head).  dred.     Cent. 

capio,   -ere,   cepT,    captus,    take,  Ceres,  -eris,  f.  Ceres,  goddess  of 

seize,  capture.  agriculture.     Cereal. 

captivus,  -i,  m.  [capio],  captive,  certamen,  -inis,  n.  [certd],  strife, 

prisoner.  contest. 

Capua,   -ae,  f.  Capua,  a  city  in  /^ertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  fixed,  deter- 

Italy.  mined,  certain,  sure  ;  cextibxera. 

caput,     -itis,    n.     head.       (126.)  facio,  make  {one)  more  certain. 

Capital.  inform. 

career,  -eris,  m.  prison.  cerva,  -ae,  f.  deer,  hind. 

care,  adv.  [cams],  dearly.  Christus,  -I,  m.  Christ. 
careo,  -ere,  -ul,  -iturus,  be  in  wfl«^i,cibus,  -T,  xa..  food. 

of  lack,  want ;  with  abl.  uCicero,  -onis,  m.  Cicero,  a  famous 

carpo,  -ere,  -sT,  -tus,  pluck,  nibble.  Roman  orator. 

carrus,  -I,  m.  wagon,  cart,  car.  Cimber,  -bri,  m.  Cimbrian. 

Carthago,   -inis,  f.   Carthage,   a  Cincinnatus,  -T,  m.  Cincinnatus, 

town  in  Africa.  a  famous  Roman. 

Carthago  Nova,  a  town  in  Spain,  ^circum,  prep.  w.  ace,  around. 

cams, -a., -um,a.d'].  dear,  precious,     circum-sto,     -are,     -stetl,    , 

Casca,  -ae,  m.  Casca.  stand  around,  surround. 


circum-venio 


250 


con-fero 


circum-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  tive  form  of  cum,  a  prefix  de- 

surround ;  circumvent.  noting  completeness  or  union  ; 

citerior,  -ius,  adj.  (no  positive),  sometimes  intensive. 

hither.     (200.)  /^omes,  -itis,  m.  and  f.  [com,  eo], 

civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  citizen.  (148,  <r.)  comrade^  companion. 

civitas,    -atis,    f.    [civis],    {body  comitatus,  -us,  m.  [comes],  com- 

of  citizens)^   state ;   citizenship.  pany. 


City. 

Clades,  -is,  f.  disaster^  overthrow, 
defeat. 

clamito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fre- 
quentative of  clam 6],  cry  out, 
call  out. 

clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cry,  shout. 

clamor,  -oris,  m.  [clamo,  shoui\, 
shout,  cry.     Clamor. 


COm-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  in- 
trust, commit. 

commode,  adv.  properly,  suitably. 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus 
{put  in  violent  motion),  shake, 
disturb,  agitate,  move.  COM- 
MOTION. 

como,  -ere,  -psi,  -ptus,  comb, 
dress. 


clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  clear,  /^«(/; ^ com-pleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletus,y?// 


renowned,  famous. 

Classis,  -is,  i.  fleet. 

clausula,  -ae,  f.  [claudo,  closed 
close,  conclusion. 

cliens, -entis,  m.  c//e/7f.     (152.) 

COepi,  -isse,  coeptus  (defective ; 
tenses  from  present  stem  want- 
ing), began. 

c6-gnosco,    -ere,    -gnovi,   -gnitus 


out,  fill  up,  cover. 
COm-prehendo,  -ere,  -di,  -sus,  seize, 

catch, grasp;  comprehend. 
COm-primo,  -ere,  -pressi,  -pressus 

[pxemo],  press  together ;  check, 

suppress. 
con-cedo,     -ere,    -cessi,     -cessus 

[com],  grant,  allow,  concede  ; 

depart,  withdraw. 


[co(m),  gnosco],  learn,  recog-  ^on-cito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com], 

nize,    know,   understand.     Cf.  rouse  up,  spur  on.     Cf.  incite. 

agnosco.  con-clamo, -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com], 

CO-hortor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [co(m),  cry  out  together,  shout. 

intensive],    exhort,    urge,    en-  con-curro,    -ere,  -curri  (-cucurri), 

courage.  -cursus    [com],    run    together, 

COUis,  -is,  m.  hill.     Cf.  mons.  rush  together. 

colloquium, -i,  n.  [coUoquor,  fo«-  concursus,   -us,    m.     [concurro], 

verse'l,  conversation,  colloquy.  assault. 


coUum,  -i,  n.  neck. 

COlo,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  care  for, 

cultivate,  till ;  honor.      Cf.  in- 

cola,  agricola. 
columba,  -ae,  f.  dove. 


con-cutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus 
[com,  quatio,  shake\  shake  vio- 
lently. 

con-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [com], 
conceal,  hide. 


com-  (col-,  con-,  cor-,  CO-),  primi-    c5n-fer5,  -ferre,  contuli,  conlatus 


c5n-fici6  251  corvus 

(coll-),  [com],    bring-  /t?^^///^;-,  j^onstantia,-ae,f.  [constans],y?rw. 

collect.     Conker.  ness ;  constancy. 

con-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [com,     con-sterno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com], 

facio],  make,  accomplish^  cany         cojtfound,  terrify. 

out,  finish  ;  weaken,  wear  out.   ^c5nsul,  -ulis,  m.[consulo,  consult], 
c5n-fodi6,     -ere,    -fodi,     -fossus        consul.     (138.) 

[com],  stab,  pierce.  contentio,    -onis,    f.     [contendo, 

COn-icio,  -ere,  -iecT,  iectus  [com,         strain],  struggle,  exertion. 

iacio],  thro7v  together ;   throw,  l>eontentus,    -a,   -um,    adj.    [p.  of 

put.  contineo],  contented  ;  w.  abl. 

coniurati,   -orum,    m.    [coniuro,  j^on-tineo,  -ere,  -ul,  -tentus  [com, 

conspire],  conspirators.  teneo],     hold    together,     hold, 

con-loco    (coll),   -are,  -avi,  -atus        contain. 

[com], place,  station.  continuus,    -a,   -um,   adj.    [con- 

con-loquor  (coll-),  -i, -locutus  sum         tineo],  continuous,  successive. 

[com],  speak  together,  converse,     contra,    prep.    w.    ace,    against. 
Conor,   -ari,  -atus  sum,  endeavor,         CONTRARY. 

attempt,  try.  con-venio,     -ire,     -veni,     -ventus 

C5n-salut0,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [com],  [com],  come  together,  assemble  ; 

salute  cordially,  greet.  convene. 

consensus,   -us,  m.   [c6n-sentio],_-^on-voco,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [com], 

agreement,  unanimity,  consent.         call  together,  summon,  convoke. 
con-sequor,  -1,  -cuttls  sum  [com],./jcopia,  -ae,  f.  [com,  ops],  abuji- 

follow  close  upon ;  follow.  da7ice,    wealth;     plur.    troops, 

con-sero,  -ere,  -ui,  -sertus  [com],        forces.     Copious. 

join  ;  with  man  um,  fight  hand  pGOrinthus,  -I,  f.  Corinth.     (13,  2.) 

to  hand.  jCornelia,  -ae,  f.  Cornelia,  mother 

C0n-serv5,  -are,  -avi,  -atiis  [com],         of  the  Gracchi. 

preserve,  save.  Cornelius,   -1,    m.    Cornelius,    a 

C0n-sid5,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus[com],         Roman  family  name. 

sit  down.  ,  COrnu,  -us,  n.  hortt.    (230.)     Page 

consilium,  -1,  n.  [consulo,  consult] ,         1 30. 

advice,  counsel,  prudence,  wis-  ,  corpus,    -oris,    n.    body.       (138.) 

dom  ;  plan,  design.  *^    Corpse. 

c6n-spici5,    -ere,  -spexT,  -spectus     corrig5,  -ere,  -rexl,  -rectus  [com, 

[com,    specio,    look],    look    at         rego],   make   straight,    reform, 

attentively  ;  observe,  see,  behold.         correct. 
con-spicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [con-     cor-ripi5,  -ere,  -uT,  -reptus  [com, 

spicio],  get  sight  of,  descry.  rapio],  seize,  take  hold  of. 

"^  Cdnstans,  -antis,  adj.   [p.  of   con-     corvus,  -T,  m.  raven  ;  grappling- 

s^,  stand  firm],  firm,  steady.  hook 


cottidie 


252 


de-sisto 


cottidie  (cot-),  adv.  [quot,  dies], 

daily. 
credo,   -ere,    -didi,   -ditus,   trust, 

believe  ;  w.  dat.     Credit. 
cre5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make,  cre- 
ate ;  choose,  elect. 
cruentus,  -a,    -um,    adj.    [cnior, 

blood\  bloody. 
culpa,  -ae,  f.  [culpo],  blame,  fault. 

Culpable.     Cf.  vitium. 
culpo,    -are,   -avT,   -atus   [culpa], 

blame,  find  fault  with. 
cum,     conj.     when;    as,   since; 

though,  although.     (382,  435.) 
cum,  prep.  w.  abl.,  with. 
cunae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  cradle. 
cupio,   -ere,   -ivl,   itus,  desire,  be 

eager  for.     Cf.  volo. 
cur,  adv. [qua, re],  why, wherefore. 
CUra,  -ae,  f.  [euro],  care,  anxiety. 
Curiatius,  -1,  m.  Curiatius,  one  of 

the  Curiatii. 
euro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [cura],  care 

for,  take  care. 
currus,    -us,    m.     [curro,     run^, 

chariot,  car. 
cursus,  -us,  m.  [curro],  running. 
cust5dia,  -ae,  f.  [custos],  guard; 

custody,  prison. 
custodio,    -ire,     -ivl     (-il),     -Itus 

[custos,  guard"],  guard, protect, 

defend. 
cust5s,  -odis,  m.  and  f .  [custodio], 

guardian,  keeper. 
cymba,  -ae,  f.  boat.     Page  25. 

Dareiis,  -T,  m.  Darius,  king  of 
■Persia. 

dator,  -5ris,  m.  [d5],  giver. 

de,  prep.  w.  2\>\.,from,  about,  con- 
cerning, of{o{  time),  in,  during. 


dea,  -ae,  f.  [deus],  goddess.  (Page 
13,  note  5.) 

debeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  owe,  ought. 
Debit,  Debt. 

decem,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  ten. 

de-cerno,  -ere,  -crevi,  -cretus  {sepa- 
rate front),  decide,  settle,  deter- 
mine;  decree. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  tenth. 

de-duco,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead 
down,  lead  off,  escort. 

de-fatig5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  tire  out, 
exhaust. 

de-fendo,  -ere,  -di,  -sus  [defen- 
sor], {strike  off  from),  defend, 
protect. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.  [defends], 
defender,  protector. 

de-fessus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  tired  out, 
weary,  very  tired. 

de-inde  {from  thence),  then,  after- 
wards. 

delecto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  delight. 

deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  destroy. 
Delete. 

de-litesc6,  -ere,  -litui, [late" 

hide  away,  lie  hid. 

Delphi,  -orum,  m.  Delpfti,  a  town 
in  Greece. 

de-migr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  migrate 
from  ;  remove,  go  aw^. 

denarius,  -T,  m.  denariuk,  a  coin. 

denique,  adv.  at  last,  finally. 

dens,  dentis,  m.  tooth. 

de-p5no,  -ere,  -posul,  -positus, 
put  down. 

de-ser5,  -ere,  -uT,  -tus,  abandon, 
desert. 

de-sist5,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stitus  {stand 
off  or  apart),  leave  off,  cease ; 
desist. 


de-sum 


253 


dux 


de-sum,  -esse,  -fuT, ,  be  from, 

be  wanting,  lack  ;  w.  dat.    (516.) 

de-terreo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  frighten 
off,  deter. 

deus,  -I,  m.  god.     (499.) 

de-vinco,  -ere,  -vicl,  -vlctus,  over- 
come, subdue. 

dexter,  -era,  -erum  (oftener  -tra- 
-trum),  adj.  right  {hand). 

dico,  -ere,  dixi,  dictus,  say,  tell, 
speak;  appoint. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dicto,  dIco], 
chief  magistrate,  dictator. 

dictatiira,  -ae,  f.  [dictator],  dicta- 
torship. 

dies,  -el,  m.  and  f.  day.     (258.) 

dif-ficilis,  -e,  adj.  [dis,  facilis, 
apart  from  easy'],hard,  difficult. 
(198.) 

diligens,  -entis,  adj.  diligent, 
careful,  industrious. 

diligenter,  adv.  [diligens],  dili- 
gently, industriously. 

diligentia,  -ae,  f,  [diligens],  dili- 
gence, carefulness,  industry. 

'""'"iiico,  -are,  -avi,  -"^X-ws,  fight,  con- 
tend.    Cf.  pugno. 

di-moveo,  -ere,  -movl,  -motus, 
mffve  asunder ;  separate,  drive 
away. 

dis-,  di-  (a  prefix  denoting  separa- 
tion), .  ^under,  apart,  in  differ- 
ent directions.  Cf.  dimoveo, 
discedo,  dispertio,  dissimilis. 

dis-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessus,  de- 
part, withdraw,  go  off. 

disco,  -ere,  didicT, ,  learn. 

dis-pertio,  -Ire,  -ivi  (-il),  -Itus  [par- 
tio,  divide\  distribute,  divide. 

dis-similis,  -e,  adj.  {apart  from 
like),  unlike, dissimilar.    (198.) 


dis-traho,  -ere,  -axl,  -actus,  pull 
apart ;  perplex,  distract. 

diii,  a.dv.  for  a  long  time,  long. 

diiitius  (comp.  of  diu),  longer. 

divitiae,  -arum,  f.  [dives,  rich^ 
riches,  wealth. 

d5,  dare,  dedl,  datus,  give  ;  put ; 
do  poenas,  suffer pu7iishm.cnt. 

doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  teach,  show. 

doctor,  -oris,  m.  [doceo],  teacher. 

^oloXy -oris,  m.  pain, grief  Dol- 
orous. 

dominus,  -I,  m.  lord,  master.  (6  r .) 
Dominate. 

domus,  -us,  f.  house,  home  ;  domi, 
at  home.  (407,  a,  499.)  Do- 
mestic. 

donum,  -I,  n.  \do],  gift,  present. 
Donate. 

Driisus,  -I,  m.  Drusus,  a  Roman. 

dubito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [dubius], 
hesitate,  doubt. 

dubius,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [duo],  doubt- 
ful.    Dubious. 

ducentesimus,  -a,  -urn,  num.  adj. 
[ducenti],  two  hundredth. 

ducenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  [duo, 
centum],  two  hundred. 

diico,  -ere,  duxi,  ductus  [dux], 
lead. 

Duilius  (C),  -I,  m.  Caius  Duilius, 
a  Roman  general. 

dulcis,  -e,  adj.  sweet,  pleasant. 
Dulcet. 

dum,  conj.  while,  as  long  as; 
until. 

duo,  duae,  duo,  num.  adj.  two. 
(284.) 

duo-de-triginta,  num.  adj.,  in- 
decl.  twenty-eight. 

dux,   ducis,   m.   and   f.    [duco]. 


2S4 


ex-stingu6 


leader,  general.       DUKE.       Cf. 
imperator. 

e,  see  ex, 

ecquid,    interrog.    adv.    whether 

.  .  .  at  all. 
e-do,  -ere,  -didl,  -diins,  put  forth, 

raise,  utter. 
educo,  -are,  -avi,  -at us,  bring  up, 

train,  educate. 
e-duc5,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead 

out,  lead  forth,  bring  away. 
ef-fero,  -ferre,  extull,  elatus  [ex], 

bear  out,  carry  forth.     (521.) 
ego,  pers.  pron.  /.     (245.) 
eheu,  interj.  alas  ! 
elegantia,  -ae,  f.  elegance. 
elephantus,  -1,  m.  elephant. 
e-ludo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  deceive,  mock. 
e-mergo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  arise',  come 

forth  ;  emerge. 
e-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  missus,  send 

forth,  let  loose. 
enim,  conj.  (never  the  first  word), 

for. 
Ennius,  -i,  m.  Ennius,  father  of 

Roman  poetry. 
eo,  adv.  Ix^^  to  that  place,  thither, 

there. 
eo,  ire,  ivi  (ii),  iturus,  ^^.      {520.) 
epistula,  -ae,  f.  letter,  epistle. 
epulae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  feast,  ban- 
quet. 
eques,  -itis,m.  [e(]}x\xs],  horseman, 

knight.     Page  44. 
equitatus,  -us,  m.  [eques],  {body 

of  equites),  cavalry. 
equus,  -i,  m.  horse. 
e-ripio,  -ere,  -ul,  -reptus  [rapio], 

snatch   out,   seize;    se   eripere, 

escape. 


eruditus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  of  eru- 

dio,  train\  educated,  learned. 
et,  conj.  and ;  et  .  .  .  et,  both  .  .  . 

and.     Cf.  atque,  ac,  and  -que. 
etiam,   adv.   and  conj.  [et,  iam, 

and  now],  also,  even. 
Europa,  -ae,  f.  Europe. 
e-verto,   -ere,  -ti,   -sus,  overturn, 

destroy. 
ex   or  e,   prep.   w.   abl.,  out  of, 

from. 
excelsus,  -a,  -um,    adj.  elevated, 

lofty,  high. 
ex-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cry  out, 

exclaim.     Cf.  clamito. 
ex-cogito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  think 

out,  devise,  contrive. 
excubiae,  -arum,  f.  plur.   watch, 

watchmen. 
ex-cuso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [causa], 

excuse. 
ex-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  out,  come 

out.     (520.)     Exit. 
exercitus,  -iis,  m.  [exerceo,  train], 

(the  thing  trained^,  army. 
eximius,   -a,   -um,  adj.  excellent, 

remarkable. 
ex-orior,    -iri,    -ortus  sum,  arise, 

begin. 
ex-pono,  -ere,  -posui,  -positus,  set 

forth,  explain,  relate. 
ex-pugno,   -are,   -avi,  -atus,  take 

by  storm,   take,   capture.      Cf. 

oppugno. 
ex-sisto,    -ere,  -stiti,    ,  come 

forth  ;  arise ;  be,  exist. 
ex-specto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  await, 

wait  for,  expect. 
ex-spiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  breathe 

out,  expire,  die. 
ex-stinguo,     -ere,     -nxi,     -nctus 


ex-sulto 


255 


fore 


{guenck      completely),     extin- 
guish; kill,  destroy. 
ex-sulto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  leap  up, 

exult. 
ex-terreo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  frighten, 

affright. 
ex-timesco,    -ere,    -timui,     

[timeo] ,  fear  greatly. 
ex-trah5,    -ere,     -traxT,    -tractus, 

draw  out,  drag  out. 
extremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [exterus], 

outerm  ost,  last ;  extreme .  ( 1 99  • ) 

Fabricius,  -i,  m.  Fabricius,  a 
famous  Roman  general. 

fabula,  -ae,  f.  [for,  speak^,  story, 
tale,  fable. 

facetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  witty,  face- 
tious. 

facile,  adv.  [facilis],  easily. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.  [facio],  {that  can 
be  done),  easy  to  do,  easy.  (198.) 
Facility. 

f acinus,  -oris,  n.  [facio],  {the 
thing  done),  deed ;  crime. 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus,  do,  make. 

fama,  -ae,  f.  [for,  speak],  rumor, 
report ;  fame,  renown. 

familia,  -ae,  f.  household,  family. 

fascis,  -is,  m.  bundle,  load. 

fatigo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  tire  out, 
fatigue. 

fatum,  -I,  n.  [for,  speak],  fate. 

faveo,  -ere,  favl,  f  auturus,  be  favor- 
able to,  favor,  befriend ;  w,  dat. 

feliciter,  adv.  [felix,  fortunate], 
luckily , fortunately , successfully . 

femina,  -ae,  f.  woman.  Cf. 
mulier.     Feminine. 

fera,  -ae,  f.  [ferus,  wild],  wild 
beast. 


fere,  adv.  nearly,  for  the  most 
part,  almost,  about-. 

fero,  ferre,  tull,  latus,  bear,  bring; 
fertur,  it  is  said ;  ferunt,  they 
say.   (521.)    Cf.  porto  and  veho. 

ferox,  -ocis,  adj.  [ferus],  fierce, 
impetuous.     Ferocious. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferrum],^ 
iron. 

sword. 
adj.  weary,  ex- 
hausted. 

fidelis,  -e,  adj.  [fidd],  trusty, 
faithful. 

fideliter,  adv.  \f^dit\S.%],  faithfully. 

f ido,  -ere,  fisus  sum,  trust.  (362, a.) 

fidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fid5],  trusty, 
faithful. 

figiira,  -ae,  f.  shape,  form  ;  figure. 

filia,  -ae,  i. daughter.   (P.  13,  n.  5.) 

filiolus,  -i,  m.  [dimin.  of  fllius], 
little  son. 

filius,  -I,  m.  son.     (59.)     Filial. 

finis,  -is,  m.  end,  border ;  plur. 
territories.     (148,  c.)     Final. 

fio,  fieri,  factus  sum  (supplies 
pass,  to  facio),  be  made,  become. 
(520.) 

flecto,  -ere,  flexl,  flexus,  bend,  turn. 

floreo,  -ere,  -ul, [flos],  flour- 
ish, be  conspicuous,  be  distin- 
guished. 

flos,  floris,  m.  [floreo],  flower. 

fluctus,  -us,  m.  \?i\xo,  flow],  wave. 

fliimen,  -inis,  n.  [fluo],  {that  which 
flows),  river,  stream. 

foedus,  -eris,  n.  league,  treaty. 

folium,  -T,  n.  leaf     Foliage. 

fons,  fontis,  m.  spring,  fount, 
source. 

fore,  for  futurum  esse. 


foris 


256 


habeo 


foris,  -is,  f.  door,  gate  ;  t^\mx.  fold- 
ing door. 

f5rma,  -ae,  f.  form,  figure  ;  beauty. 

formido,  -inis,  i.fear,  terror. 

forte,  adv.  [fors,  chance'],  by 
chance,  perhaps. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.  strong,  brave,  cour- 
ageous. 

fortiter,  adv.  [fortis],  bravely, 
courageously. 

f ortitiido,  -inis,  f .  [fortis] ,  strength, 
bravery,  endurance  ;  foriiiude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.  [fors,  chance], 
fortune,  good  fortune. 

forum,  -1,  n.  market-place  ;  forum. 

frater,  -tris,  m.  brother.  Fra- 
ternal. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.  cold. 

frumentum,  -i,  n.  [fruor],  com, 
grain. 

fruor,  -i,  fructus  sum,  enjoy ;  w. 
abl.     (361.) 

frustra,  adv.  in  vain. 

Fufetius,  -I,  m.  Fufetius,  leader 
of  the  Albans. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.  \ingio],  flight. 

fugio,    -ere,    fugl,    [fugo, 

fuga],  run  away,  flee;  flee 
from.     Fugitive. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fugio,  fuga], 
put  to  flight,  rout. 

fulgeo,    -ere,    fulsi,   ,  flash, 

gleam. 

funale,  -is,  n.  torch. 

fungor,  -I,  functus  sum,  perform, 
discharge;  w.  abl.  (361.) 
Function. 

Gaius,  GaT  (also  written  Caius), 
m.  Caius,  a  Roman  first  name. 
Galba,  -ae,  m.  Galba. 


galea,  -ae,  f.  helmet.     Page  97. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.  Gaul. 

gallina,  -ae,  f.  [gallus,  cock],  hen. 

Gallus,  -i,  m.  a  Gaul. 

gaudeo,  -ere,  gavlsus  sum  [gau- 

dium],  be  glad,  rejoice.  (362,  «.) 
gaudium,   -I,   n.    [gauded],  joy, 

gladness. 
geminatus,  -a,  -um,   adj.   [p.  of 

gemino],  doubled,  double. 
gener,  -erl,  m.  son-in-law. 
genus,  -eris,  n.  race ;  kind,  class. 
Germania,  -ae,  f.  Germany. 
Germanus,  -I,  m.  a  German. 
gero,    -ere,    gessi,    gestus,  bear, 

carry  on,  wage  (war)  ;  ma?tage, 

do. 
gladius,  -1,  m.  sword.     Page  67. 
gloria,  -ae,  f.  glory,  fame,  renown. 
Gracchus,    -I,    m.    Gracchus,    a 

Roman  name. 
gradus,  -us,  m.  step  ;  period,  stage. 

(230.)     Grade. 
Graecia,  -ae,  f.  Greece. 
Graecus,  -I,  m.  a  Greek. 
gramen,  -inis,  n.  grass. 
graphium,  -1,  n.  stilus  {for  writ- 
ing). 
gratulor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [gratus], 

congratulate. 
gratus,   -a,   -um,   adj.  acceptable, 

pleasing.    Grateful. 
gravis,    -e,    adj.    heavy,    severe. 

Grave. 
graviter,   adv.  [gravis],  heavily, 

severely,  vehemently. 
grex,  gregis,  m.  flock,  herd. 
gust5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  taste,  eat. 

habe5,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  have,  hold, 
keep. 


habito 


257 


im-peritus 


habito,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [frequenta- 
tive of  habeo],  inhabit  ;  dwell, 
live. 

Hannibal,  -alis,  m.  Hannibal,  a 
famous  Carthaginian  general. 
Page  55. 

hasta,  -ae,  f .  spear.     Page  1 5. 

baud,  adv.  not.     Cf.  non. 

Helvetia,  -ae,  f.  Helvetia. 

Helvetii,  -orum,  m.  the  Helve- 
tians. 

Henna,  -ae,  f.  Henna,  a  city  of 
Sicily. 

heri,  z.di\.  yesterday. 

hiberna,  -orum,  n.  [hiems],  win- 
ter-qtiarters  (sc.  castra).  Hi- 
bernate. 

hie,  haec,  hoc,  demon,  pron.  this, 
this  of  mine  ;  as  pers.  pron. 
he,  she,  it.     (100.) 

hie,  adv.  here,  hereupon. 

hiems  (hiemps),  hiemis,  i.  winter; 
storm. 

hilaritas,  -atis,  f.  cheerfulness, 
hilarity. 

hine,  adv.  [hic],  hence. 

Hispania,  -ae,  f.  Spain. 

Hispanus,  -I,  m.  a  Spaniard. 

historia,  -ae,  f.  history. 

ho-die,  adv.  [hoc,  die],  to-day. 

homo,  -inis,  m.  and  f.  {human 
being),  man.     (141.) 

hora,  -ae,  f.  hour. 

Horatius,  -I,  m.  Horatius,  one 
of  the  Horatii. 

horror,  -oris,  m.  trembling  ;  dread, 
horror. 

hortus,  -T,  m.  garden.     (43.) 

hospes,  -itis,  m.  and  f.  guest- 
friend. 

hostilis,  -e,  adj.  [hostis],  hostile. 


hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  enemy.    (148, 

149.)     Hostile. 
humi  (loc.  of  huvaxus, ground),  on 

the  ground. 

iaeeo,   -ese,  -ul,  [iacio],  {be 

thrown),  Ite. 
iaei5,   -ere,   iecl,  iactus    [iaceo], 

throw,  cast,  hurl. 
iam,  adv.  already,  now,  at  last ; 

non  iam,  no  longer.     Cf.  nunc, 
iamiam,  adv.   already ;   iamiam 

venturuSj/^^x/  about  to  come. 
ibi,    adv.     [is],    in    that    place, 

there. 
[ico],    -ere,     icT,     ictus,    strike; 

foedus  Ico,  make  a  league. 
idem,  eadem,  idem,  demon,  pron. 

[is],  same.     {303.) 
idoneus,  -a,  -um,  a.d].ft,  suitable. 
igitur,   conj.    (seldom    the   first 

word),    therefore,    then.        Cf. 

itaque. 
ignis, -is,  m-j^f^*?.  (148.)   Ignite. 
ignoro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ignarus, 

ignorant^    not   know,   be  igno- 
rant of.     Cf.  nesci5.    Ignore. 
ilieo,  adv.  [in,  loco],  on  the  spot, 

immediately. 
ille,    -a,    -ud,  demon,  pron.  that 

{yonder) ;    as   pers.    pron.   he, 

she,  it.     (100.) 
immanis,  -e,  adj.  htige,  immense. 
im-par,  -paris,  adj.  [in],  unequal ; 

not  a  match  for. 
imperator,  -oris,  m.  [imper6],^^w»- 

mander,  general.     EmperoR. 
imperatum,  -I,  n.  [impero],  order, 

command. 
im-peritus,    -a,    -um,   adj.    [in], 

unskilled. 


imperium 


258 


inquit 


imperium,  -I,  n.  [impero],  com- 
mand,  rule, poxver.     Empire. 

impero,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [imperi- 
um], order,  command ;  w.  dat. 
Imperative. 

impetro,  -are,  -avI,  -dX\xs,gain, pro- 
cure, obtain. 

impetus,  -us,  m.  [impeto,  rush 
upoM] ,  attack,  as%rn/t.  .1 M  PETU- 
ousV 

im-plor5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [in], 
cry  out  to,  beseech,  implore. 

im-p5no,  -ere,  -posul,  -posit us, 
[in],  put  ox  place  upon  ;  moutit; 
w.  dat.     Impose* 

im-pudens,  -entis,  adj.  [in,  not ; 
pudens,  modesti,  shameless, 
impudent,  bold,  brazen. 

in,  prep.  w.  ace,  iiito,  to,  against, 
for ;  w.  abl.,  in,  on. 

in-,  prefix,  in  composition  with 
nouns,  adjectives,  and  parti- 
ciples, often  having  negative 
sense.     Cf.  Eng.  un-,  in-,  not. 

inanis,  -e,  adj.  empty,  useless. 

in-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus 
[capio],  {take  in  hand)y  begin. 
Incipient. 

incite,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  arouse, 
excite,  incite. 

in-clam5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cry  out ; 
appeal  to. 

in-cognitus,  -a.,-um,a.d}.  unknown. 

incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  [incolo], 
inhabitant. 

in-col6,  -ere,  -ul, [incola], 

dwell  in,  inhabit;  live,  dwell. 
Cf.  habits  and  vivo. 

incolumis,  -e,adj.  unharmed,  safe. 

in-crepo,  -are,  -ul,  -itus,  sound, 
resound,  clash. 


in-ciiriosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  careless, 

negligent. 
inde,  adv.  [is],  thence. 
in-dico,    -ere,   -dixl,  -dictus,  pro- 
claim, appoint. 
indiitus,  -a,  -um    [p.  of  induo], 

clothed,  clad. 
in-eo,    -ire,  -ivi  (-il),  -itus,  go  in, 

enter ;  begin.     (520.) 
in-eptus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aptus,//], 

awkward,  silly. 
in-ermis,  -e,  adj .  [armz], ztnarmed. 
inferi,  -orum,  m.  [Infer us],  inhab- 
itants of  the  loiuer  world ;  the 

Ijifernals. 
inferior,  -ius,  adj.  lower.     (199.) 
in-fero,    inferre,    intull,    inlatus 

(ill-),  {bear  in  ox  against),  cause  ; 

helium  Inferre,  make  war  upon  ; 

w.  dat.     (521.) 
inf erus,  -a,  -um,  ad  j .  below.    ( 1 99.) 
infestus,   -a,   -um,   adj.   unsafe; 

hostile. 
infra,  prep,  with  ace,  below. 
ingenium,  -I,  n.  genius. 
ingens,  -entis,  adj.  huge, great. 
in-gredior,      -I,      gressus     sum 

[gradior],  step  in,  enter. 
in-hio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  gape  at, 

long  for. 
in-icio,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus  [iacio], 

throw  upon,  cast  up07t. 
in-imicus,  -I,  m.  enemy  [amicus]. 

(149.)     Inimical. 
in-lid5   (ill-),  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  dash 

against,  crush. 
inopia,  -ae,  f.  [inops,  without  re- 

sources'\,  want,  poverty,  lack. 
inquit  (placed  after  one  or  more 

quoted    words),  said  he,   says 


259 


Labienus 


in-ruo  (irr-),  -ere,  -uT,  ,  rush 

upon,  make  an  attack. 

in-silio,  -Ire,  -ul, [salio],  leap 

upon, 
l^  in-struo,    -ere,   -struxl,  -structus, 
build  in,  form  ;  instruct,  train  ; 
prepare,  provide. 

insula,  -ae,  f.  island.  Peninsula. 

in-sum,  -esse,  -fuT, ,  be  in,  be 

among ;  w.  dat.  and  w.  in  and 
abl.     (516.) 

in-tactus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  untouched, 
uninjured. 

integer,   -gra,    -grum,    adj.    un- 
touched, uninjured ;  fresh. 
I-  inter,    prep.     w.     ace,    between, 
among,  amid. 

inter-dum,  adv.  sometimes. 

inter-ea,  adv.  meanwhile, 
l^  inter-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [fa- 
cio],    kill,  put   to   death.      Cf. 
neco  and  occTdo. 
L^  interim,    adv.  in   the  meantime, 
meanwhile. 

inter-pello,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  en- 
treat, importune. 

inter-rog5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  ask, 
inquire,  question.  (422.)  IN- 
TERROGATION. 

inter-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futurus,  be 
among,  be  present  at ;  w.  dat. 
(516.)     Cf.  adsum. 

inter-vallum,  -I,  n.  interval,  dis- 
tance; per  intervalla,  at  in- 
tervals. 

intus,  adv.  [in],  within^  inside. 

in-veni5,  -ire,  -venl,  -ventus,  come 
upon,  find,  discover.  Cf .  reperio. 

in-vicem,  adv.  in  turn,  mutually. 

in-victus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vinco], 
unconquered,  invincible. 


in-voc6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call. 
iocus,  -1,  m.  (plur.  ioci  and  ioca), 

joke,  jest;  per  iocum,  in  jest, 

for  a  joke. 
-ipse,    -a,   -um,   demon,  adj.  and 

pron.  self,  very.     (303.) 
.  ira,  -ae,  f.  anger,  wrath,  ire. 
1  is,  ea,  id,  demon,  pron.  that ;  as 

^exs.  T^xon.  he,  she,  it.     (119.) 
-  iste,  -a,  -ud,  demon,  pron.  that  {of 

yours).     (303.) 
isthmus,  -I,  m.  isthmus. 
I  ita,  adv.  so,  thus.      Cf.  adeo,  sic, 

tam. 
;  Italia,  -ae,  f.  Italy. 
ita-que,    conj.  and  so,  therefore. 

Cf.  igitur. 
'.  iter,  itineris,  n.  [eo],  way, journey, 

march.     (499.)     ITINERANT, 
iterum,  adv.  a  second  time,  again. 

Iteration. 
iubeo,    -ere,    iussi,    iussus,    bid, 

order,  command.     Cf.  impero. 
iugerum,  -T,  n.  (gen.  plur.  iuger- 

um),  acre,  juger. 
iugulum,  -I,  n.  throat,  neck. 
iugum,  -T,  Xi.yoke. 
luppiter,  lovis,  m.  Jupiter,  the  su- 
preme deity  of  the  /Romans. {4gg.) 
ius,  iuris,  n.  right.  Justice. 
iiissii,  m.  only  abl.  [iubeo],  by  com- 
mand, by  order. 
iustus,  -a,  -um,  a.d}.  Just. 
iuvenis,     -e,    adj.    young.     Cf. 

adulescens.    (207.)   Juvenile. 
inventus,  -utis,  f.  [iuvenis],  body 

of  yo7ith,  youth. 
iuvo,  -are,  iuvl,  iutus,  help,  aid. 

Labienus,  -1,  m.  Labienus,  a  lieu- 
tenant in  Caesar^s  army. 


labor 


260 


magis 


labor,  -oris,  m.  [laboro],  labor, 
toil.     Cf.  opus. 

labors,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labor], 
work,  toil;  suffer.  Elaborate. 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  didi-glad,  merry. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.  stone.  (130.) 
Lapidary. 

lateo,  -ere,  -ul, ,  lurk,  lie  hid. 

Latent. 

Latini,  -orum,  m.  [Latium],  the 
Latins. 

latitiido,  -inis,  f.  [latus],  width. 
Latitude. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  broad,  wide. 

Iaud5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [laus], 
praise,  laud. 

laus,  laudis,  f.  [laudo],  praise, 
glory,  fame. 

legatus,  -I,  m.  [lego,  depute'],  am- 
bassador, deputy,  lieutenant. 
Legate. 

legio,  -onis,  f.  [lego],  (a  gather- 
ing) >  legion. 

lego,  -ere,  legi,  lectus,  gather; 
select;  read. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.  soft,  smooth,  gentle, 
mild.     Lenient. 

lenocinium,  -T,  n.  allurement, 
charm,  personal  adornment. 

Lentulus,  -i,  m.  Lentulus. 

Ie5,  -onis,  m.  lion. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [Jevis],  lift 
up,  raise. 

lex,  legis,  f.  law.     Legal. 

libenter,  adv.  [libet,  it  pleases], 
willingly,  gladly. 

liber,  -brl,  m.  book. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj./r^<f.  Lib- 
eral.    (500.) 

llberi,  -orum,  m.  [ilh&c],  children. 
(61.) 


Iiber5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [liber],  set 
free,  free,  liberate  ;  w.  abl.  of 
separation. 

libertas,  -atis,  f.  \\\hex],  freedom, 
liberty. 

licet,  -ere,  licuit  or  licitum  est, 
impers.  it  is  permitted,  {one) 
may. 

lictor,  -oris,  m.  lictor,  ceremonial 
attendant  of  a  high  officer. 

ligneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [lignum], 
wooden. 

lignum,  -I,  n.  wood ;  plur.  sticks. 

Iig5,  -onis,  m.  mattock,  hoe. 

littera,  -ae,  f.  letter  {of  the  alpha- 
bet)', plur.  letter,  epistle;  de- 
spatches. 

locus,  -I,  m.  (plur.  loci  and  loca), 
place,  position.     Local. 

longe,  adv.  \\ong\x%\,far,far  off. 

longus,  -a,  -um.  adj.  long.  Lon- 
gitude. 

lorum,  -I,  n.  thong,  strap. 

liido,  -ere,  lusl,  lusus  [ludus], 
play.     Interlude. 

ludus,  -I,  m.  [\udd],  game,  play. 

liigeo,  -ere,  luxl,  luctus,  mourn, 
lament. 

liigubris,  -e,  adj.  [lugeo],  doleful, 
mournful. 

liina,-ae,f.  [Iux],wi7^«.  Lunatic. 

lupus,  -I,  m.  wolf 

liix,  lucis,  f.   [luceo,  shine],  light. 

M.,    abbreviation  for  Mdrcus,  a 

Roman  first  name. 
machina,  -ae,  f.  machine,  engine, 

device. 
maestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  sad. 
magis,   adv.    [mag(nus)],    more. 

(2 1 5-) 


magister 


261 


mirabilis 


magister,    -tri,  m.     [mag(nus)], 

master,  teacher.     (6i.) 
magnificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [magnus, 

facio],  splendid,  magnificent. 
magnitudo,    -inis,  f.    [magnus], 

greatness,  size,  magnitude. 
magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  great,  large. 

(207.) 
maior,  -ius,  adj.  greater,  larger. 

(207.)     Major. 
male,   adv.    [malus],   badly,  ill. 

(2I5-) 
maleficus,  -i,   m.    [male,   facio], 

evil-doer. 
malo,  malle,  malul, [magis, 

volo],  be  more  willing,  prefer, 

would  rather.     (519.) 
malum,  -I,  n.  [malus],  bad  things 

evil. 
malus,  -a,    -um,    adj.  bad,    evil. 

(207.) 
mandatum,  -i,  n.  [mando],  order, 

command. 
mailed,  -ere,  mansi,  mansus,  stay, 

remain,  wait.     Permanent. 
manus,  -us,  f.  hand  ;  force,  band. 

(229,  a.)     Manual. 
Marcus,  -I,  m.  Marcus,  a  Roman 

first  name. 
mare, -is,  n.  j^a.    (148.)  Marine. 
Marius  (C.)>  -h  m-  Caius  Marius, 

a  famous  Roman  general. 
massa,  -ae,  f.  mass,  lump. 
mater,  -tris,  f.  mother.     Mater- 
nal. 
matrona,  -ae,  f.  [mater],  matron, 

wife,  lady. 
maxime,  adv.  [maximus],  most, 

especially,  greatly.     (2 1 5.) 
maximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  greatest. 

(207.) 


medicus,  -I,  m.  [medeor,  cure"], 
physician.     Medicine. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  in  the 
middle,  middle. 

melior,  -ius,  better.  (207.)  Amel- 
iorate, 

memoria,  -ae,  f.  memory. 

mendax,  -acis,  adj.  [mentior, //>], 
lying,  deceitful. 

mensa,  -ae,  f.  table. 

mensis,  -is,  m.  month. 

Mercurius,  -1,  m.  Mercury,  mes- 
senger of  the  gods.     (59.) 

mergo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  sink. 

metus,  -us,  m.fear,  dread. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  adj.  and 
pron.  my,  mine.     (247.) 

mic5,  -are,-ui, ,  quiver  ;  flashy 

gleam. 

miles,  -itis,  m.  soldier.  Mili- 
tary.    Page  133. 

militaris,  -e,  adj .  [miles] ,  military. 

militiae  (loc.  of  militia),  in  ser- 
vice, in  the  field. 

mille,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  in  sing. ; 
in  plur.,  milia,  -ium,  thousand. 
(284,  d.) 

Milo,  -onis,  m.  Milo,  a  famous 
Roman. 

Miltiades,  -is,  m.  Miltiades,  a 
Greek  general. 

mimus,  -T,  m.  mimic  ;  farce. 

Minerva,  -ae,  f.  Minerva,  goddess 
of  wisdom . 

minor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  threaten. 

minor,  -us,  adj.  smaller.     (207.) 

Minturnae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  Min- 
turnae,  a  town  in  Campania. 

mirabilis,  -e,  adj.  [miror],  to  be 
wondered  at;  wonderful,  ex- 
traordinary.    Admirable. 


miTor 


262 


ivnus 


miror,   -ari,   -atus   sum,  wonder, 

wonder  at,  admire. 
miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  wretched, 

unhappy,  miserable. 
miseria,  -ae,  f.  [miser],  wretched- 
ness, misery. 
mitto,   ^re,   misl,    missus,  send. 

Mission. 
moenia,  -ium,  n.  [munio],  walls 

{of  a  city). 
molestus,   -a,  -um,   adj.  [moles, 

pile^,     troublesome,      tiresome. 

Molest. 
moneo,    -ere,    -ui,   -itus,    remind, 

advise,  warn.  (512.)  Monitor. 
mons,  mentis,  m.  mountain,  hill. 

Cf.  collis. 
monumentum,    -I,    n.    [moneo], 

monujnent.     (346,  <7.) 
mora,  -ae,  f.  delay. 
morior,    -I,    mortuus    sum    (fut. 
•     part,  moriturus),  [mors],  die. 
mors,  mortis,  f.   (morior),  death. 

Mortal. 
mos,    moris,    m.    manner,    habit, 

custom.     Moral. 
moveo,  -ere,  movT,  motus,  move. 
mox,  adv.  soon,  presently. 
mulier,     -eris,     f.   woman.      Ci. 

femina. 
multus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  much,  many. 

(207.) 
muni5,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -itus   [moenia], 

fortify,  defend. 
munus,  -eris,  n.  duty,  office. 
murus,  -I,  m.  wall. 
Musa,  -ae,  f.  Nluse. 
muto,   -are,   -avi,   -atus,    change, 

alter.    Mutation. 

nam,  covi).  for. 


narro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  tell,  relate, 

narrate. 
nascor,  -I,  natus  sum,  be  bom. 
Nasica,  -ae,  m.  Nasica.  surtiame 

of  one  of  the  Scipios. 
natio,    -5nis,    f.    [nascor],    race, 

nation. 
natu    (abl.    of  natus),    [nascor], 

by  birth,  in  age. 
nauta,  -ae,  m.  [for  navita  ;  navis], 

sailor. 
navalis,  -e,  adj.  [navis],  naval. 
navis,  -is,  f.  ship.    (149.)   Naval. 

Pages  79,  88. 
ne,  conj.  that  not,  that;  lest ;  w. 

hortatory  subjunctive,  not. 
-ne,  interrog.  adv.  enclitic.  (9, 3.) 

Cf.  nonne  and  num. 
neco,   -are,  -avI,  -atus,  kill,  slay. 

Cf.  interficio  and  occldo. 
necto,    -ere,    nexui,  nexus,    bind, 

weave.     Connect. 
neg-leg5,  -ere,  -lexi, -lectus  [nee], 

disregard,  neglect. 
nego,    -are,   -avi,  -atus,  say  not ; 

deny,  refuse. 
nemo,  -inl  (dat.),  m.  and  f.  [ne, 

homo],    (no    gen.  or  abl.),  no 

one,  nobody. 
ne-quaquam,  adv.  by  no  means, 

not  at  all. 
ne-que  or  nee,  conj .  and  not,  nor  ; 

neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither  . 

nor. 
neuter,    -tra,    -trum,    adj.  neither 

{of  two).     (291.)     Neutral. 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  black.  Cf. 

ater.     Negro. 
nihil,  n.,  indecl.  nothing.    Nihil- 
ist. 
Nilus,  -I,  m.  the  Nile. 


ni-si 


263 


of-fend6 


ni-si,  conj.  if  not,  unless^  except. 

nix,  nivis,  f.  snow.     (499.) 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.  [ndsco],  well- 
know  n,  of  high  birth  ;  noble. 

noced,  -ere,  -uT,  -iturus,  do  harm 
to,  htirt,  injure  ;  w.  dat.  Nox- 
ious.    Cf.  obsum. 

Nola,  -ae,  f.  Nola,  a  town  in 
Campania. 

nolo,  nolle,  noluT, [ne,  volo], 

be  unwilling,  will  not,  not  wish. 

(519-) 

nomen,  -inis,  n.  [nosco],  {that  by 
which  a  thing  is  known),  name. 
Nominal. 

non,  adv.  [ne,  unum],  not. 

non-ne,  interrog.  adv.  expecting 
an  affirmative  answer,  not.  Cf. 
-ne  and  num. 

nosco,  -ere,  novi,  notus,  learn, 
know.  P.  notus,  -a,  -um,  as 
adj.  known. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  adj.  and 
pron.  our,  ours.  Nostri,  otir 
men. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  new.  Nov- 
elty. 

nox,  noctis,  f.  wi-^/^/.  (152.)  Noc- 
turnal. 

niibes,  -is,  f.  cloud.     (148.) 

niidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  unclothed, 
stripped ;  nude. 

nuUus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ne,  uUus], 
no,  none,  no  one.  (291.)  NUL- 
LITY. 

num,  interrog.  adv.  expecting  a 
negative  answer,  whether.  Cf . 
nonne  and  -ne. 

numenis,  -i,  m.  number. 

numquam,  adv.  [ne,  umquam], 
never. 


nunc,  adv.  fiow.     Cf.  iam. 
niintio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntius], 

report.,  announce. 
niintius,  -I,    m.   [nuntio],   bearer 

of  news.,  messenger. 
nuper,  adv.  [f or  noviper ;  novus], 

recently,  lately. 

0,  inter j.  O,  Oh! 

Ob,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  account  of. 

ob-eo,    Ire,  -ivT  (-ii),  -itus,  go  to 

meet ;  perish,  die.     (520.) 
ob-lino,    -ere,   -levl,   -litus,  dattb, 

smear,  defile. 
Obliviscor,  -I,  oblitus  ^wm,  forget. 

Oblivious. 
Obses,  -idis,  m.  and  f.  [ob,  sedeo, 

«V],  (one  who  sits  or  remains 

as  a  pledge),  hostage. 
Ob-sum,     -esse,     -fui,     ,    be 

against,  be  opposed  to  ;  injure  ; 

w.  dat.     (516.)     Cf.  noceo. 
Ob-tempero,      -are,     -avi,     -atus, 

comply  with,  yield  to  ;  w.  dat. 
obviam,   adv.    in  the  way ;  ob- 

viam  flo,  meet ;  w.  dat. 
Ob-volvo,  -ere,  -I,  -volutus,  wrap 

around,  cover  up. 
oc-cido,   -ere,    -cidi,    -cisus    [ob, 

caedo,    cut'],    cut    down,    kill. 

Cf.  neco  and  interficio. 
OCCupo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob,  capio], 

take  possession  of,  seize  ;  occupy. 

Cf.  potior. 
oc-curro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus  [ob], 

not    to    meet;    meet,  fall    in 

with. 
Ocelum,  -i,  n.  Ocelum,  a  town  in 

Hither  Gaul. 
of-fendo,     -ere.    -di,    -sus    [ob], 

strike  against ;  come  upon,  find. 


officium 


264 


paucus 


officium,  -T,  n.  [opus,  facio],  ser- 
vice, kindness. 
51im,  adv.  [oUe,  old  form  of  ille], 

{flt  that  time) ;  formerly,  once  ; 

once  upon  a  time.  Cf .  aliquando. 
omnis,  -e,  adj.  whole,  all,  every. 

Cf.  totus. 
onus,  -eris,  n.  load,  burden. 
onustus,    -a,    -um,  adj.    [onus], 

laden,  loaded. 
Opera,  -ae,  f.  [opus],  labor,  care  ; 

operam  do,  try.     Cf.  labor. 
oppidanus,    -I,     m.    [oppidum], 

townsman. 
oppidum,  -I,  n.  town. 
Op-pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob], 

attack,  assault,  besiege.     Cf.  ex- 

pugno. 
[ops],  opis,  f.  aid,  help. 
optimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  best.    (207.) 

Optimist. 
opus,  -eris,  n.  work,  labor.      Cf. 

labor, 
orator,    -oris,    m.    [5r6,    speak], 

orator. 
orbis,   -is,   m.  circle,  orb  ;   orbis 

terrarum,  earth,  world. 
ornamentum,  -I,  n.  [orno],  {fhat 

which  adorns),  ornament, Jewel. 
5rn5,    -are,    -avT,    -atus,    adorn, 

ornament,  deck. 
os-tendo,   -ere,  -dl,  -tus  [ob(s)], 

stretch  out ;  show,  display. 
5tium,  -1,  n.  leisure,  idleness. 
ovis,  -is,  f.  sheep. 
Ovo,     -are,     ,     ,  exult; 

triumph. 
5vum,  -I,  n.  egg. 

paco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pax],  make 
quiet,  subdue.     Cf.  vinco. 


Padus,  -T,  m.  the  Po.  a  river  of 

Italy. 
paene,  adv.  nearly,  almost. 
paenitentia,    -ae,    f.   repentance, 

penitence. 
paliis,  -udis,  f.  swamp,  marsh. 
par,  paris,  adj.  equal. 
pared,  -ere,  peperci  (parsi),  par- 

sus,  spare ;  w.  dat. 
parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.  parent. 

(152,  a.) 
pareo,  -ere,  -ul, ,  {come  forth, 

appear),   be  obedient  to,  obey ; 

w.  dat. 
pario,  -ere,  peperl,  partus,  bring 

forth,  bear  ;  lay. 
Parmenio,   -onis,   m.   Parmenio, 

one  of  Alexander'' s  generals. 
par5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  get  ready, 

prepare  for. 
pars,      partis,     f.    part,     share. 

Partial. 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  small,  little. 

(207.) 
pasco,    -ere,   pavi,   pastus,  feed, 

tend ;  pasture. 
passus,  -us,  m.  [pate5],  {a  stretch- 
ing out  of  the  feet   in   walk- 
ing), step, pace;  mllle passuum, 

mite. 
pater,    -tris,   m.  father.     (138.) 

Paternal. 
patienter,  adv.  [patiens,/a//>«/], 

patiently,  with  patience. 
patientia,   -ae,  f.  [patior,  bear], 

patience. 
patria,  -ae,  f.  [patrius,  sc.  terra  ; 

T^2iter'],  fatherland,  native  land, 

country.     Patriotism. 
paucus,  -a,   -um,  adj.  (generally 

t^Imx.),  few,  little.     Paucity. 


J 


3 

4 


paulo 


265 


-O 


paulo,  adv.  [paulus],  by  a  little, 

little. 
.  paulum,  adv.  [paulus],  a  little , 

somewhat. 
-^pax,   pads,   f.    (no    gen.    plur.), 

peace.     Pacify. 
pecco,   -are,   -avT,   -atus,  make  a 

mistake,  commit  {a  fault),  sin. 
pectus,  -oris,  n.  breast. 
pecunia,    -ae,  f.    [pecus,  cattle^, 

money.     Pecuniary. 
pedes,  -itis,  m.  {j^hii],  foot-soldier. 
peditatus,    -us,   m.    [pedes],  iti- 

fantry. 


peior, 


adj. 


(207.) 


pello,  -ere,  pepuli,  pulsus,  drive 
away;  repel. 


pensum. 


[pendo. 


(what  is  weighed  out,  e.g.  7uool, 

as  a  task  for  spinning),  task  ; 

lesson,  exercise. 
per,  prep.  w.  ace,  through,  by,  by 

means  of,  on  account  of. 
pera,  -ae,  f.  bag,  wallet. 
per-agr5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ager], 

wander    through,    pass    over, 

traverse. 
per-contor,   -ari,  -atus  sum,  ask, 

inquire. 
per-do,  -ere,  -didl,  -ditus,  lose. 
per-fero,  -f  erre,  -tuli,  -latus,  spread 

abroad.     (521.) 
per-fici5,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [facio], 

accomplish  ;  perfect. 
per-fruor,  -I,  -fructus  sum,  enjoy 

thoroughly,  enjoy  ;  w.  abl. 
periculum,  -T,    n.  trial,  attempt; 

risk,  danger,  peril. 
peritus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  of  perior, 

tryl,  {having  tried),  skilful. 
per-mitt5,    -ere,    -misi,    -missus. 


poena 

suffer,  permit ; 


allow,    grant, 
w.  dat. 

Persae,  -arum,  m.  the  Persians. 

per-sequor,  -T,  -secutus  sum,  fol- 
low up,  pursue. 

per-st5,  -stare,  -stiti,  staturus, 
stand  fast,  persist. 

per-stringo,-ere,-strinxi,-strictus, 
bind  closely;  affect  deeply,  thrill. 

per-suadeo,  -ere,  -suasi,  -suasus, 
persuade  ;  w.  dat. 

per-terre5,  -ere, ,  -itus,  thor- 
oughly frighten. 

pertinacia,  -ae,  f.  perseverance ; 
obstinacy,  pertinacity. 

pes,  pedis,  m./^^A  (130.)  Pedal. 

pessimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  worst. 
(207.)     Pessimist. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  seek, 
demand,  beg;  attack.  Peti- 
tion.    Cf.  rogo. 

pharetra,  -ae,  f.  quiver. 

Philotimus,  -i,  m.  Philotimus. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  slow,  lazy. 

pigritia,  -ae,  f.  [piger],  laziness, 
sloth. 

pilum,  -I,  xv.  javelin.     Page  102. 

placed,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  please  ; 
w.  dat. 

plaga,  -ae,  f.  stroke,  blow,  thrust. 

planities,  -el,  f.  [planus,  eveit, 
level\  {a  flatness),  level  ground, 
plain. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  most,ve}y 
many.     (207.) 

plus,  pliiris,  adj.  more.     (208.) 

Pliito,  -onis,  m.  Pluto,  god  of  the 
lower  world. 

poculum,  -I,  n .  C7ip,  bowl.  Page  69. 

poena,  -ae,  f.  [punio],  quit-money  ; 
fine,  punishment.     Penal. 


Poenus 


266 


pro 


Poenus,  -i,  m.  a  Carthaginian. 

poeta,  -ae,  m.  poet. 

poUiceor,  -eri,  -itus  s\xm,  promise. 

Pompeius,  -el,  m.  Pompey,  a 
famous  Roman  general. 

pono,  -ere,  posui,  positus,  put^ 
place,  set,  pitch  {camp).  Posi- 
tion. 

pons,  pontis,  m.  bridge. 

Popedius,  -T,  m.  Popedius. 

populus,  -T,  m.  people. 

Porcius,  -I,  m.  Porcius,  family 
name  of  Cato. 

porta,  -ae,  f.  gate,  door.    Portal. 

port5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  carry, 
bring.     Cf.  fero  and  veho. 

portus,    -us,     m.     harbor,    port. 

(231-) 

possum,  posse,  potui, [potis, 

able,  sum],  be  able,  can  ;  pluri- 
mum  posse,  be  very  powerful, 
have    most     influence.       (296, 

517-) 

post,  prep.  w.  ace,  after,  behind ; 
as  adv.,  afterivards. 

post-ea,  adv.  afterwards. 

[posterus],  -a,  -um,  adj.  [post], 
following,  next.     (199.) 

post-quam,  conj.  after. 

potior,  -Tri,  -Itus  sum  \^o\\?>,able'\, 
become  tn aster  of,  get,  get  posses- 
sion of ;  w.  gen.  or  abl.    . 

praebe5,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [prae. 
habeo],  hold  forth,  offer,  fur- 
nish ;  cause,  render. 

prae-cino,     -ere,     -cinui, 

[cano,  sing\play  before. 

prae-clarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  very 
splendid,  glorious. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.  booty,  spoil,  prey. 
Predatory. 


prae-dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [prae, 
dico,  -are,  make  known],  pro- 
claim, boast. 

prae-fero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus, 
carry  before.     (521.) 

prae-luce5,  -ere,  -xl,  ,  shine 

before,  light  the  way  before. 

praemium,  -I,  n.  reward,  prize. 
Premium. 

praesidium,  -1,  n.  [prae,  sedeo, 
sit  before],  defense,  help,  pro- 
tec  ti  oil. 

prae-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stitus, 
stand  out,  surpass,  be  superior  to. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -ful, ,  be  be- 
fore, be  at  the  head  of,  com- 
mand;  yf.  dat.     (516.) 

praeter,  prep.  \f.  ace,  beyond,  be- 
sides, except. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  of 
praetexo,  fringe],  bordered; 
toga  praetexta,  toga  with  pur- 
ple border,  worn  by, the  higher 
magistrates  and  by  free-born 
children.     Page  191. 

pratum,  -T,  n.  meadow. 

pretiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pretium, 
price],  precious. 

[prex,  precis],  f.  (used  mostly  in 
plur.),  prayer,  entreaty. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  first,  fore- 
most.    (200.)     Prime. 

princeps,  -cipis,  m.  [primus, 
capio],  (taking  the  first  place), 
chief,  leader.     (126.)     PRINCE. 

prius,  adv.  [prior],  before,  sooner, 

■   previously. 

prius-quam,  conj.  sooner  than, 
before. 

pr5,  prep.  w.  abl.,  before,  in  behalf 
of,  for  ;  considering. 


pr5 


267 


quantus 


pr5,  interj.  O  ! 

pr5-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi, ^  go  for- 
ward, advance^  proceed.  Cf. 
progredior.  Ql, .  'JiJj^XA/1^  ^ 

procul,  adv./^ift-,  afar  off. 

proelium,  -I,  n.  hatile,  combat.  Cf. 
pugna. 

pro-fero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus,  bring 
forth.     (521.) 

proficiscor,  -I,  -fectus  sum,  set  out, 
inarch,  go.     Cf.  exeo. 

pro-gredior,  -i,  -gressus  sum 
[gradior,  5tep\  go  forward, 
advance,  progress.  Cf.  pro- 
cedo.     / 

ptope,  prep.  w.  ace,  near,  near  to ; 
adv.  close  at  hand,  nearly. 

prepare,  adv.  hastily,  quickly. 

propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hasten. 

propior,  -ius,  adj.  [prope],  nearer. 

(200.) 

propius,  adv.  [prope],  nearer. 
pro-pono,  -ere,  -posui,   -positus, 

put    before,     set  forth ;    make 

known,  declare.     Propose. 
propositum,  -I,  n.  [pr6p6n6j,/«r- 

pose,  design,  resolution.     Prop- 
osition. 
propter,  prep.  w.  ace,  on  accotmt 

of 
Proserpina,    -ae,  f.   Proserpine, 

daughter  of  Ceres. 
pro-silio,  -Ire,   -uT,  [salio], 

leap  forward. 
pro-sum,  prodesse,  profui, , 

be  before,  be  useful  to,  benefit ; 

w.  dat.     (518.) 
provincia,  -ae,  f.  province. 
proximus,    -a,  -um,  adj.  nearest, 

next.     (200.)     Proximity. 
prudens,  -entis,   adj.  [for  provi- 


d^ns],  wise,  sagacious,  kncnving, 
prudent.     (163.) 

prudentia,  -ae,  f.  [prudens], /tfr<f- 
sight,  sagacity,  wisdom,  pru- 
dence. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [populus], 
{pertaining  to  the  people"),  pub- 
lic. 

Publius,  -I,  m.  Publius,  a  Roman 
first  name. 

puella,  -ae,  f.  [dimin.  of  puer], 
girl,  maiden. 

puer,  -erl,  m.  boy,  child.  (57,  61.) 
Puerile. 

puerulus,  -i,  m.  [dimin.  of  puer], 
little  boy. 

piigio,   onis,  m.  short  dagger. 

pugna,  -ae,  f.  [pugno],  battle,  con- 
test. Cf.  proelium.  Pugna- 
cious. 

pugno,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [pugna], 
fight.     Cf.  dimico. 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  adj.  beau- 
tiful, fair,  pretty. 

pulvis,  -eris,  m.  dust. 

Piinicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Cartha- 
ginian. 

piinio,  -Ire,  Ivi,  -It us  [poena], 
punish. 

put5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  think,  be- 
lieve, reckon.     Cf.  reor. 

Pyrrhus,  -I,  m.  Pyrrhus,  king  of 
E pirns. 

quaero,  -ere,  quaeslvl,  quaesltus, 
^eek,  ask,  inquire.     (422.) 

quaeso  (-ere),  (used  only  in  ind. 
pres.  1st  sing,  and  plur.), 
[quaero],  beg,  pray. 

quam,  adv.  than. 

quantus,  -a,   -um,    adj.   [quam], 


qua-re 


268 


re-mitto 


how  great,  how  much  ;  as  great 

as,  as  JHUch  as. 
qua-re,  adv.  {on  account  of  which 

thing),  wherefore. 
qua-si,  adv.  as  if. 
quater,   num.    adv.    [quattuor], 

four  times. 
quattuor,  num.  adj.,  indecl./c'wr. 
-que,  conj.,  enclitic,  a«^.     Cf.  et, 

atque,  and  ac. 
qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  and  adj.  pron. 

who,  which,  what,  that,     (no.) 
quia,  conj.  because.     Cf.  quod, 
quidam,  quaedam,  quod-  or  quid- 
dam,    indef.    pron.    certain,   a 

certain  o?ie,  a.     (308.) 
quidem,   adv.    (never    the    first 

word),    indeed,     certainly,    in 

truth ;     ne   .  .  .  quidem,    not 

.  .  .  even. 
quilibet,  quaelibet,  quod-  or  quid- 

libet,  indef.  pron.  any  one  (you 

please).     (308,  ^.) 
Quinctilius,    -i,    ni.   Quinctilius, 

family  name  of  Varus. 
Quinctius,  -I,  m.  Quinciius,  family 

name  of  Cincinnatus. 
quindecim,    num.    adj.,    indecl. 

fifteen. 
quinquaginta,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 

[quTnqueJ.y?/?;/. 
quinque,  num.  adj.,  indecl. y?t/^. 
quis  or  qui,  quae,  quid  or  quod, 

interrog.  pron.  and   zA).who? 

which  ?  what  ?     (105.) 
quisquam,  quidquam  (no  fern,  or 

plur.),    indef.    pron.    any,    any 

one  {at  all).     (308,  b.) 
quisque,  quaeque,  quid-  or  quod- 

que,  indef.  pron.  each  one,  each, 

every.     (308,  b.) 


qui-vis,  quaevis,  quod-  or  quidvis, 
indef.  pron.  any  one  (you 
please).     (308,  ^.) 

quo,  adv.  [qui],  whither ^  where. 

quod,  conj.  because.     Cf.  quia. 

quoque,  conj.  (after  an  emphatic 
word),  also,  too. 

quot,  interrog.  and  rel.  adj.,  in- 
decl. how  many  ?  as  many  as. 

quot-aiinis,adv.  every  year, yearly. 

Racilia,  -ae,  f.  Racilia. 

rapio,  -ere,  -ul,  -tus,  seize  and 
carry  off ;  snatch,  drag. 

re-cipi5,-ere,-cepi,-ceptus[capi6], 
take  back,  receive,  recover.  Se 
recipere,  withdraw,  retreat,  be- 
take one^s  self. 

re-creo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [creo, 
make'],  refresh,  recreate. 

re-cuso,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [causa], 
decline,  refuse. 

red-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus  [re], give 
back,  return. 

red-eo,  -Ire,  -il,  -itus  [re(d)],  go 
back,  return.     (520.) 

re-diico,  -ere,  -duxl,  -ductus,  lead 
back,  bring  back.     Reduce. 

regina,  -ae,  f.  [rego],  {the  ruling 
one),  queen. 

regno,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [regnum, 
rex],  be  king ;  rule,  reign. 

regnum,  -i,  n.  [regno,  rex],  king- 
dom, throne. 

reg5,  -ere,  rexl,  rectus  [rex],  rule. 
Regent. 

re-linquo,  -ere,  -iTquT,  -iTctus,  leave 
behind,  leave,  abandon.  RE- 
LINQUISH. 

re-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  send 
back,  give  up.     REMIT. 


remus 


269 


senator 


remus,  -I,  m.  oor. 

re-nu6,  -ere,  -ul, ,  nod  back- 
ward;  deny,  refuse. 

reor,    reri,    ratus    sum,     reckon, 

.   think.     Cf.  puto. 

re-perio,  -Ire,  repperi,  repertus 
[pario,  procure'] ,  find,  discover, 
ascertain. 

re-port5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring 
back,  win,  gain.  Cf.  refero. 
Report. 

re-puto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  {cottni 
over),  reckon,  think  over. 

res,  rel,  f.  thing,  event,  circum- 
stance, affair  (258);  res  publica, 
republic,  state,  commonwealth. 

re-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus 
[specie],  look  back. 

re-spondeo,  -ere,  -dl,  -sponsus 
{promise  in  return),  answer, 
reply,  respond. 

re-stitu5,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [statuo, 
place],  replace,  restore. 

re-venio,   -ire,   -veni,  -^ ,  come 

back,  return. 

re-vertor,  -I,  -I,  -sus  (deponent  in 
pres.,  imp.,  and  fut.),  turn  back, 
return.     Revert. 

re-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call  back, 
recall ;  revoke. 

rex,  regis,  m.  [rego],  {ruler), 
king.     (126.)     Regal. 

Rhenus,  -i,  m.  the  Rhine. 

rictus,  -us,  m.  [ringor,  open  the 
mouth].  Jaws  wide  open,  Jaws. 

rideo,  -ere,  risi,  risus,  laugh.  Cf. 
cachinno.     Deride. 

r5bur,  -oris,  n.  oak ;  strength. 

rogo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ask,  ques- 
tion. 

Roma,  -ae,  f.  Rome. 


Romanus,  -i,  m.  [Roma],  a  RO' 

man. 
Romulus,   -I,   m.  Romulus,  first 

king  of  Rome. 
rosa,  -ae,  f.  rose. 
rostrum,    -1,    n.    [rodo,    gnaw], 

beak  of  a  vessel.      Rostrum. 

Page  39. 
ruri  (loc.  of  rus),  in  the  country. 
rus,  runs,  n.  the  country.    (269,  a.) 
rusticus,  -I,  m.  [rus],  countryman, 

peasant.     Rustic. 

Sabini,  -orum,  m.  the  Sabines. 

saepe,  adv.  often,  frequently. 

sagitta,  -ae,  f.  arrow. 

salus,  -utis,  f.  safety,  welfare. 
Salutary. 

sapiens,  -entis,  adj.  [sapio,  be 
wise],  wise,  sensible. 

schola,  -ae,  f.  school. 

scientia,  -ae,  f.  [sci5],  knowledge, 
skill. 

scio,  -Ire,  sclvl,  scltus,  know,  know 
how.     Science. 

Scipio,  -onis,  m.  Scipio,  a  famous 
Roman  general.     Page  55. 

scribo,  -ere,  scrlpsi,  scrlptus, 
write.     Scripture. 

scriptor,  -oris,  m.  [scribo] ,  tvriter, 
aJithor. 

scutum,  -I,  n.  shield.     Page  76. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sequor], 
following,  next ;  second. 

sed,  conj.  but.     Cf.  autem. 

sementis,  -is,  f.  a  sowing. 

semper,  adv.  always,  ever. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sem- 
per], everlasting. 

senator,  -oris,  m.  [senex],  sena- 
tor. 


senatus 


270 


statim 


senatus,  -us,  m.  [senex],  council 
of  elders^  senate. 

senectus,  -utis,  f.  [senex],  o/d 
age. 

senex,  senis,  adj.  old ;  noun,  old 
man.     (211,499.)     Senile. 

sententia, -ae, f .  [s%x\i\o\, opinion ; 
purpose. 

sentio,  -lie,  sensi,  sensus,  feel^ 
know  {by  the  senses),  see,  per- 
ceive. 

septem,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  seven. 

septen-decim,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 
[decem],  seventeen. 

septuagesimus,  -a,-um,  num.  adj. 
[septuaginta],  seventieth. 

sequor,  -I,  secutus  sMra,  follow. 

sermo,  -onis,  m.  speech,  conversa- 
tion.    Sermon. 

sero,  -ere,  sevi,  satus,  sow. 

serta,  -orum,  n.  [s,e.xb,  plait'],  gar- 
lands, wreaths  of  flowers. 

serus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  late. 

servo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  save,  keep, 
preserve. 

servus,  -I,  m.  \%%x\\o\,  slave,  ser- 
vant. 

sex,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  six. 

sexaginta,  num.  adj.,  indecl. 
[sex],  sixty. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [sex], 
sixth. 

Sextus,  -i,  m.  Sextus,  a  Roman 
first  name. 

si,  conj,  //,  whether. 

sic,  adv.  so,  thus.  Cf.  adeo,  ita, 
and  tarn. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.  Sicily. 

signum,  -I,  n.  mark,  sign,  signal. 
Page  105. 

silva,  -ae,  f .  wood, forest.    S ilvan. 


similis,  -e,  adj.  [simul],  like,  re- 
sembling, similar.     (198.) 

simul,  adv.  [similis],  at  the  same 
time. 

sine,  prep.  w.  abl.,  without. 

singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.  one  at  a  time, 
one  on  each  side,  single,  sepa- 
rate. 

sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  left 
{hand).     Sinister. 

Socrates,  -is,  m.  Socrates,  a  fa- 
mous Greek  philosopher. 

sol,  solis,  m.  (no  gen.  plur.),  sun. 
Solar. 

Sol,  Solis,  m.  the  Sun-god. 

soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum,  be  accus- 
tomed, be  wont.     (362,  a.) 

solitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [soleo], 
usual,  customary. 

solum,  adv.  [solus],  alone,  only. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  alone,  single ; 
sole.     (291.) 

solvo,  -ere,  solvi,  solutus,  loose, 
loosen ;  break.     Solve. 

somnus,  -1,  m.  sleep. 

spargo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  strew,  scat- 
ter.    Sparse. 

spatium,  -i,  n.  room,  space. 

species  (-el),  f.  sight,  appearance, 
pretense. 

specto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [speci5, 
look],  look  at,  behold,  witness. 
Spectacle. 

speculum,  -I,  n.  looking-glass, 
mirror. 

spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes],  hope., 
hope  for. 

spes,  spel,  f.  [spero],  hope. 

spolio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  rob,  plun- 
der, spoil,  despoil. 

Statim,     adv.      [sto],    {standing 


statua 


271 


tang5 


there),  on  the  spot,  immediately, 

at  once. 
statua,  -ae,  f.   [statuo,  set],  {the 

thing  set  up),  statue. 
statura,  -ae,  f.  [sto],  stature. 
status,    -us,    m.    [sto],   station, 

position,  condition. 
sto,  stare,  stetl,  status,  stand. 
strepitus,  -us,  m.  din,  applause. 
string5,    -ere,    strinxl,    strictus, 

draw  tight ;   drazv. 
studeo,  -ere,  -ul, [studium], 

be  eager,  strive  earnestly,  study. 
studium,    -i,   n.    [studeo],   zeal, 

eagerness;  study. 
stultus, -a, -um,  adj./^i7//j-//. 
sub,  prep.  w.  ace.  and  abl.,  tinder, 

itp  to. 
subeo,  -Ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  under  or 

up  to,  enter  ;  undergo.     (520.) 
subito,  adv.  [subitus],  suddetzly, 

unexpectedly. 
subitus,    -a,    -um,   adj.    [subeo], 

sudden. 
sub-mitto,  -ere,  -mIsT,  -missus,  let 

down;  let  grow. 
sub-silio,    -Ire,    -ul,  [salio, 

leap],  Jump  up. 
sub-venio,    -Ire,     -veni,    -ventus 

{come  to  one's  relief),  help,  aid, 

assist. 
suc-curro,     -ere,    -curri,    -cursus 

[sub],    {rtin    up  to),  help,  aid, 

succor. 
sudor,  -oris,  m.  sweat. 
sui,  reflex,  pron.  0/  himself  {her- 
self, itself,  themselves).      (245.) 
sum,  esse,  ful,  futurus,  be,  exist. 

(516.) 
summus,  -a,    -um,   adj.   highest, 
greatest.  (199.)  Consummate. 


siimo,  -ere,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  take, 

take  up  ;  assume. 
super,    prep.    w.   ace.    and  abl., 

over,  above,  upon. 
super-iacio,    -ere,    -iecl,     -iectus 

[iacio],  throw  over,  cast  upon. 
superior,   -ius,  adj.  higher,  su- 
perior.    (199.) 
supero,    -are,  -avi,  -atus  [super], 

pass     over;     surpass,      outdo, 

overcome,  conquer. 
super-sum,   -esse,   -ful,   ,  be 

over,  be  left  over  ;  survive.  (516.) 
superus,   -a,   -um,   adj.    [super], 

above.     (199.) 
supplicatio,   -5nis,   f.    [supplico, 

kneel      down],     supplication  ; 

thanksgiving. 
supremus, -a,-um,adj./d!j/.  (199.) 
sus-pendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -pensus  [sub, 

pendo,  hang],  hang  up,  hang, 

suspend. 
su-spicor,    -arl,   -atus    sum    [su- 

spicio,  look  askance  at],  suspect, 

mistrust. 
sus-tineo,  -ere,  -tinul,  -tentus  [sub, 

teneo],  hold  up,  bear,  endure  ; 

sustain. 
suus,  -a, -um.poss.  adj.  and  pron. 

reflex,  [sul],  his,  her,  hers,  its, 

theirs,  their.     (247.) 

T.,  abbreviation  of  Titus. 
talentum,  -i,  n.  talent,  a  sum  of 

money  {$11^2).  [ita,  and  sic. 
tam,  adv.  so,  so  much.  Cf  adeo, 
tamen,  ndv.yet,  but,  nevertheless. 
tandem,  adv.  [tam],  {Just sofa?), 

at  length,  finally. 
tango,  -ere,  tetigl,  tactus,  touch. 

Tangent. 


tantum 


272 


tre-decim 


tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  only. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  so  great,  such. 

tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  delay, 
hinder. 

tego,  -ere,  texl,  tectus,  cover. 

telum,  -I,  n.  weapon. 

temere,  adv.  rashly,  inconsider- 
ately. 

templum,  -I,  n.  temple.    Page  93. 

tempus, -oris,  n.  ^m<?.  Temporal. 

tened,  -ere,  -ul,  tentus,  hold,  keep, 
have. 

tener,  -era,  -eruni,  adj.  soft,  deli- 
cate, iende'r. 

tento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  try,  at- 
tempt. 

ter,  num.  adv.  [tres],  three  times, 
thrice. 

Terentia,  -ae,  f .  Terentia,  Cicero's 
wife. 

tergum,  -I,  n.  back. 

terni,  -ae,  -a,  distrib.  num.  adj. 
[tres],  three  each,  three  on 
each  side,  three. 

terra,  -ae,  f.  earth,  land.  Ter- 
race. 

terreS,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [terror], 
frighten,  alarm,  terrify. 

terrestris, -e,  adj.  [terra],  of  the 
land,  land:     Terrestrial. 

territus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [p.  of 
terreo] ,  frightened. 

terror,  -oris,  m.  [terreo],  terror, 
alarm. 

tertius,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [tres], 
third. 

testudo,  -inis,  f.  [testa.,  shell],  tor- 
toise ;  shed  or  covering  to  protect 
besiegers,  testudo.     Page  148. 

Themistocles,  -is,  m.  Themisto- 
cfes,  a  famous  Athenian. 


Tiberis,  -is,  m.  (ace.  in  -im),  the 

Tiber. 
Tiberius,  -1,  m.  Tiberius,  a  Roman 

first  name. 
tibicen,  -inis,  m.  [tihiZfpipe,  cano, 

sing],  piper. 
Ticinus,  -T,  m.  the  Ticinus,  a  river 

of  Italy. 
timeo,  -ere,   -ui,   ,  fear,   be 

afraid  of     TiMiD. 
Titus,  -I,  m.  Titus,  a  Roman  first 

name. 
toga,  -ae,  f.  toga.     Page  191. 
togatus,  -a,  -um, adj.  [tog2i],clad 

in  the  toga. 
tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bear,  en- 
dure.    Tolerate. 
tollo,  -ere,  sustuli,  sublatus,  raise, 

pick  up. 
tonsor,  -oris,  m.  [tondeo,  shear], 

barber. 
tot,  adj.,   indecl.    so  many.     Cf. 

quot. 
totus,    -a,   -um,    adj.  whole,  all, 

entire.     (291.)     Total. 
traho,  -ere,  traxT,  tractus,  draw, 

drag. 
tra-ici5,  -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [trans, 

iacio],  throw  across,  pierce. 
Tralles,  -ium,  f.  Tralles,  a  town 

in  Asia. 
tranquillus,   -a,   -um,  adj.  calm, 

tranquil. 
trans,  prep.  w.  ace,  across,  beyond, 

over,  the  other  side  of 
trans-eo,   -ire,   -ii,  -itus,  go  over, 

cross.     (520.)     Transient. 
trans-igo,  -ere,  -egi,  -actus  [ag5], 

drive  through  ;  finish,  transact. 
tre-decim,    num.    adj.    [tres,  de- 
cern], thirteen. 


tremo 


273 


Varus 


tremo,    -ere,    -ul,    ,     s/iake, 

tremble. 

tres,  tria,  num.  adj.  three.    (284.) 

trigemini,  -orum,  m.  triplets. 

triginta,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  [tres], 
thirty. 

tristis,  -e,  adj.  sad,  gloomy. 

triumphalis,  -e,  adj.  [triumphus], 
iriumphal,  having  enjoyed  a 
triumph . 

triumpho,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  [tri- 
umphus], celebrate  a  triumph. 

triumphus,  -1,  m.  [triumpho], 
triumph. 

trucido,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  kill. 

tu,  pers.  pron.  thou,  you.  (245.) 

tuba,  -ae,  f .  trumpet.  ( 1 9.)  Page  1 3. 

tubicen,  -inis,  m.  [tuba,  cano, 
sing'],  trumpeter. 

tugurium,  -T,  n.  hut,  cottage. 

Tullus  Hostilius,  -I,  m.  Tullus 
Hostilius,  third  king  of  Rome. 

tum,  adv.  at  that  time,  then. 

tumultus,  -us,  m.  uproar,  con- 
fusion, tumult. 

tunc,  2idv .[iwxn],  at  that  time,  then. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.  ugly,  foul ;  base, 
disgraceful,  shameful. 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  safe. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  poss.  adj.  and  pron. 
thy,  thine  ;  your,  yours  (of  only 
one  person).     (247.) 

ubi,  adv.  where,  when. 

uUus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [for  unulus, 

dimin.  of  unus],  any,  any  one. 

(291.) 
ulterior,  -ius,  adj.  (no  positive), 

further.     (200.) 
ultimus,   -a,   -um,    adj.  furthest, 

last,    (200.)     Ultim.'VTE. 


umbra,  -ae,  {.shade.  Umbrella. 
umerus,  -i,  m.  shoulder. 
unde,  adv.  whence. 
undique,  2A\.from  all  parts,  on 

all  sides,  everywhere. 
unicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \\\xvwa\,  only. 
unus,  -a,    -um,   num.   adj.*   one ; 

alone.     (284.) 
urbs,   -is,  f.   city.     (152.)     SuH- 

URBS. 

iisus,  -us,  m.  use,  benefit. 

ut  or  uti,  adv.  and  conj.  how,  as, 

when;   that,  in   order  that,   so 

that. 
uter,  -tra,  -trum,  interrog.  pron. 

which  {of  two)}     (291.) 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,    in- 

def.  pron.  each  {of  two),  both. 

(291.) 
iitilis,  -e,  adj.   [iator],  useful,  ad- 
vantageous.    Utility. 
uti-nam,  adv.  would  that  I  Othat! 

I  wish  that. 
utor,  -I,  usus  sum,  use,  employ ; 

w.  abl.     (361.) 
utrimque,  adv.  on  both  sides. 
uva,    -ae,    f.    grape,     bunch    of 

grapes. 
uzor,  -oris,  f.  wife. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  empty, 
vacant,  destitute. 

valeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  be  strong, 
be  in  good  health  ;  vale,  fare- 
well, good-bye. 

valetudo,  -inis,  f.  [valeo],  state  of 
health,  health. 

validus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [valeo], 
strong,  stout,  sturdy.     Valid. 

Varus,  -I,  m.  Varus,  one  of  Au- 
gustus's generals. 


vasto 


274 


vove5 


vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vastus, 
waste,  desolatel,  lay  waste, 
ravage. 

veh5,  -ere,  vexl,  vectus,  carry, 
draw,  convey  ;  pass.  ride.  Ve- 
hicle. 

velocitas,  -atis,  f.  [velox],  swift- 
ness, velocity. 

vel-ut,  2idv.Just  as. 

venator,  -oris,  m.  [venor,  hnni], 
hunter. 

venenum,  -i,  n.  poison.     Venom. 

veni5,  -Ire,  veni,  ventus,  come. 

ventus,  -i,  m.  wind. 

venustus,  -a, -um,  adj.  charming, 
beautiful,  graceful. 

ver,  veris,  n.  spring.     Vernal. 

verbum,  -I,  n.  word.     Verb. 

Vergilius,  -i,  m.  Vergil,  a  famous 
Roman  poet. 

Veritas,  -afis;  f.  [verus],  trtith, 
verity. 

verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  turn,  change. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  true,  real. 

Vesta,  -ae,  f.  Vesta,  a  goddess. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  poss.  adj.  and 
pron.  yoitr,  yours  (of  more 
than  one  person).     (247.) 

vestimentum,  -i,  n.  [vestio], 
clothing. 

vestio,  -Ire,  -IvI,  -Itus  [vestis,  gar- 
ment"],  clothe. 

vetus,  -eris,  adj.  old.  (175,  207, 
211.)     Veteran. 

vexillum,  -I,  n.  signal-flag. 

via,  -ae,  f .  way,  road,  street. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vicus, 
village^  near,  neighboring ;  as 
a  noun,  neighbor.     ViClNlTY. 

victor,  -oris,  m.  [vi(n)c6],  con- 
queror, victor.     (138.) 


Victoria,  -ae,  f.  Victoria. 

victoria,  -ae,  f.  [victor],  victory. 

vided,  -ere,  vidl,  visus,  see,  per- 
ceive;  pass,  be  seen,  seem. 
Vision. 

viginti,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  twenty. 

vincio,  -Ire,  vinxi,  vinctus,  bitid. 

vinco,  -ere,  vicl,  victus,  conquer, 
defeat. 

vinum,  -I,  n.  wine. 

vir,  virl,  m.  fnan,  hero.  (57,  141.) 

virtiis,  -utis,  f.  [vir],  manliness, 
courage,  bravery ;  virtue. 

vis,  vis,  f.  (gen.  and  dat.  rare), 
strength,  power.     (499.) 

vita,  -ae,  f.  [vivo],  life;  vltam 
ago,  pass  life.     Vital. 

vitis,  -is,  f.  vine. 

vitium,    -I,    n.    [vltis],    {a  moral 

twist),  fault,  blemish,  vice.     Cf.   -^\' 
culpa.  ^  r-^,^  -\   ti^LM^ 

vituperd,  -are,  -avI,  '■■'^'  ,  blame, 
censure.  Cf.  culpo.  Vitu- 
peration. 

vivo,  -ere,  vixl,  ,  live.      Cf. 

habito  and  incolo.     Vivid. 

vivus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vivo],  alive, 
living. 

vix,  adv.  hardly,  with  difficulty. 

voci-feror,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [vox, 
fero],  cry  out,  exclaim;  vocif- 
erate. 

VOCO,  -are,  avI,  -atus  [vox],  call. 

VOlo,  velle,  volui, ,  wish,  be 

willing,  desire,  intend.     (519.) 

V0I6,  -are,  -avI,  -aturus,  yfy- 

Volsci,  -orum,  the  Volscians. 

voluptas,  -atis,  f.  [volo],  pleasure, 
enjoyment. 

voveo,  -ere,  vovT,  v5tus,  vow, 
promise  solemnly. 


▼5x                        275  Zama 

v5x,     vocis,     f.     [voco],     voice,  vulpes,  -is,  i.fox. 

word.  vultus,  -us,  m.  countenatice,  looks, 

vulnero,  -are,  -avT, -atus  [vulnus],  features, 
wound,  hurt,  injure.     Vulner- 
able. Zama,  -ae,  f.  Zama,  a  town  in 

vulnus,  -eris,  n.  [vulnero],  wound.  Africa. 


ENGLISH-LATIN  VOCABULARY. 


For  the  principal  parts  of  verbs  and  other  details  not  given  here,  reference  may 
be  made  to  the  Latin-English  vocabulary  or  to  the  special  vocabularies. 


a,  art.,  commonly  not  translated  ; 

quidam,     quaedam,     quoddam 

(quiddam)  (308). 
abandon,  relinquo,  3, 
able  (be),  possum  (296,  a,  517). 
about,  de,  w.  abl. 
absent  (be),  absum  (516). 
abundance,  c5pia,  -ae,/. 
abuse,  abutor,  3,  w.  abl. 
accept,  accipio,  3. 
account  of  (on),  abl.  of  cause. 
accuse,  accuso,  i. 
accustomed  (be),  soleo,  2  (362). 
address,  c6nti5nor,  i. 
admonish,  mone5,  2  (512). 
adorn,  orno,  i. 
advice,  consilium,  -1,  n. 
advise,  mone5,  2  (512). 
Africa,  Africa,  -ae,/. 
Africanus,  Africanus,  -T,  m. 
after,  post,  w.  ace;  cum,  w.  subj.; 

sometimes  implied  in  participle. 
afterwards,  postea,  deinde. 
aid,  iuvo,  i. 

alarm,  n.  terror,  -oris,  m. 
alarm,  v,  terreo,  2. 


alas !  eheu  ! 

Alexander,  Alexander,  -dri,  w. 
all,  omnis,  -e ;  t5tus,  -a,  -um  (292). 
alone,   solus,  -a,  -um;    unus,  -a, 

-um  (291). 
also,  quoque. 
altar,  ara,  -ae,/ 
although,  cum. 
always,  semper. 
ambassador,  legatus,  -T,  m. 
ancient,  antlquus,  -a,  -um  ;  vetus, 

-eris  (175,  207). 
and,  et ;  atque,  or  ac  ;  -que. 
anger,  Ira,  -ae,/. 
animal,  animal,  -alls,  «.  (148). 
another,  alius,  -a,  -ud  (292). 
any,  ullus,  -a,  -um  (291);  aliquis, 

-qua,    -quid,    or    -quod     (308) ; 

quisquam,      ,      quidquam 

(308,  b);  quivis  (308,  b). 
arm,  armo,  i. 
arms,  arma,  -5rum,  n. 
army,  exercitus,  -us,  m. 
around,  circum,  w.  ace. 
arouse,  incite,  i. 
Arpinum,  Arpinum,  -I,  n. 


arrow 


278 


captive 


arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,/ 

art,  ars,  artis,/ 

as,  ut. 

as  to,  ut. 

Asia,  Asia,  -ae,/ 

ask,  interrogo,  i ;  (for),  quaero,  3. 

assault,  «.  impetus,  -us,  ni. 

assault,  V.  oppugns,  i. 

at,  in,  w.  ace.  or  abl  ;  in  combina- 
tion w.  verbs  {ponder  at,  etc.), 
see  the  verbs;  w.  names  of 
towns,  locative  case  (180). 

at  once,  statim. 

attack,  n.  impetus,  -us,  m. 

attack,  V.  oppugno,  i. 

away  (go),  abeo  (327);  discedo,  3. 

away  from,  a  or  ab,  w.  abl.;  e  or 
ex,  w.  abl. 

back    (bring    or    carry),    refero 

(521) ;  reports,  i. 
bad,  malus,  -a,  -um  (207). 
band,  manus,  -us,/. 
barbarian,  barbarus,  -I,  m. 
battle,  pugna,  -ae, /;  proelium, 

-I,  n. 
be,  sum  (516). 

beak  (of  a  ship),  rostrum,  -I,  n. 
bear,  fero  (521);  porto,  i;  tolero, 

I;  (off),  abduco,  3;  aufero  (521). 
beautiful,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
because,  quod ;  quia. 
become,  flo  (520). 
before,  ante,  iv.  aec. 
begin,  incipio,  3 ;  ineo  (521). 
Belgae,  Belgae,  -arum,  tn. 
believe,  credo,  3,  w.  dat. 
benefit,  prosum  (518),  w.  dat. 
besiege,  obsideS,  2;  oppugno,  i. 
best,  optimus,  -a,  -um  (207). 
better,  melior,  -us  (207). 


bid,  iubeo,  2. 

big,  magnus,  -a,  -um. 

bind,  vincio,  4. 

bird,  avis,  -is,/.  (148,  c). 

black,  niger,  -gra,  -grum. 

blame,  culpa,  -ae,/ 

boat,  cymba,  -ae,/ 

body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 

boldly,  cum  audacia. 

book,  liber,  -bri,  m. 

booty,  praeda,  -ae,/ 

born  (be),  nascor,  3. 

both  {each  of  two),  uterque,  utra- 
que,  utrumque  (200);  both  .  .  . 
and,  et  .  .  .  et. 

bow,  arcus,  -us,  m.  (231). 

boy,  puer,  -eri,  m. 

brave,  fortis,  -e. 

bravely,  fortiter;  cum  virtute. 

bravery,  fortitude,  -inis,/;  virtus, 
-utis,  / 

bring,  porta,  i;  fero  (521);  to- 
gether), confers;  (up),  educo, 
I ;  (back),  reports,  i. 

Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,/ 

broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

brother,  f rater,  -tris,  m. 

build,  aedificS,  1. 

building,  aedificium,  -T,  n. 

but,  at ;  autem  ;  sed. 

by,  a,  ab,  w.  abl. ;  denoting  means 
or  instrument,  abl.  alone  ;  some- 
times implied  in  participle. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 
call,    appellS,    i ;    vocS,    i ;    (to- 
gether), convocS,  I. 
camp,  castra,  -Srum,  n. 
can,  possum  (296,  a,  517). 
captive,  captlvus,  -i,  m. 


capture 


279 


diligent 


capture,  capio,  3. 

Capua,  Capua,  -ae,/. 

care,  cura,  -ae,/ 

carefully,  cum  cura. 

carry,  porto,  i;  fero  (521);  (away, 

off),  auferS,   abduco;     (back), 

refero;   carry  on   war,    bellum 

gero. 
Carthaginian,  Poenus,  -I,  w. 
cause,  praebeo,  2. 
cavalry,  equitatus,  -us,  m. 
certain,    (a),    quidam,  quaedam, 

quoddam      (quiddam)      (308); 

(==sure),  certus,  -a,  -um. 
change,  muto,  i. 
chief,  princeps,  -cipis,  m. 
children,  puerl,  -5rum,  m.;  llbe- 

rl,  -orum,  m.  (61). 
Christ,  Christus,  -I,  m. 
Cicero,  Cicero,  -onis,  m. 
circumstance,  res,  rel,/.  (258). 
citadel,  arx,  arcis,/. 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  m.  and/, 
city,  urbs,  -is,/ 
close  at  hand,  prope. 
clothe,  vestio,  4. 
cold,  frigus,  -oris,  «. 
come,  venio,  4;  (back),  revenio, 

4;  (out),  emergo,  3 ;  (together), 

convenio,  4. 
command,  impero,  i,  w.dat.;  iu- 

beo,  2,  w.  ace;  praesum  (516), 

IV.  dat. 
commander,  imperator,  -oris,  w.; 

dux,  ducis,  m.  and/ 
companion,  comes,  -itis,  m.  and/ 
comrade,  comes,  -itis,  m.  and/ 
conquer,  supero,  i ;  vinco,  3. 
consul,  consul,  -ulis,  m. 
corn,  friimentum,  -1,  n. 
Cornelia,  Cornelia,  -ae,/ 


correct,  corrigo,  3. 

country  {fatherland),  patria,  -ae, 

/;  terra,  -dLQ,/.;  {not  city),  rus, 

ruris,  n. 
country  people,  rustic!,  -orum,  m. 
courage,  virtus,  -utis,/ 
course,  iter,  itineris,  n.  (499). 
creature,  bestia,  -ae,/ 
cross,  transeo  (520). 
cultivate,  colo,  3. 
cup,  p5culum,  -i,  n. 

danger,  perlculum,  -I,  n. 
dare,  audeo,  2  (362). 
daring,  audacia,  -ae,  / 
daringly,  cum  audacia. 
Darius,  Uareus,  -1,  m. 
daughter,    filia,    -ae,  /    (p.   13, 

n.5). 
day,  dies,  -el,  m.  and  /  (258). 
daybreak  (at),  prima  luce. 
dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 
deck,  orno,  i. 
decree,  decern©,  3. 
deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
deer,  cerva,  -ae,/ 
defeat,  vinco,  3  ;  supero,  i. 
defend,  defends,  3. 
delay,  mora,  -ae,  / 
delight,  delecto,  i. 
Delphi,  Delphi,  -orum,  m. 
depart,  discedS,  3;  exeo  (520). 
deputy,  legatus,  -1,  m. 
desire,   volo   (519);  cupio,  3. 
despatch,  litterae,  -arum,/ 
destroy,  deleo,  2. 
die,  morior,  3. 
difficult,  difficilis,  -e  (198). 
difficulty  (with),  vix. 
diligence,  dlligentia,  -ae,  / 
diligent,  diligens,  -entis. 


diligently 


280 


form 


diligently,  diligenter ;   cum  dili- 

gentia. 
disgraceful,  turpis,  -e. 
do,  facio,  3  ;  ago,  3. 
doubtful,  dubius,  -a,  -um. 
dove,  columba,  -ae,  / 
draw  up,  instruo,  3. 
drive,  ag5,  3  ;  agito,  i . 
Duilius,  Dullius,  -I,  m. 
during,  (=  amid)  inter, 
duty,  munus,  -eris,  n. 

each  (one),  quisque,  quaeque, 
quidque  (quodque)  (308,  b) ;  (of 
two),  uterque,  utraque,  utrum- 
que  (291). 

eager,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

eagerly,  cum  studio. 

eagerness,  studium,  -1,  n. 

earth,  terra,  -ae,  / 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  -e  (198). 

educate,  educo,  i. 

eighth,  octavus,  -a,  -um. 

elder,  senior,  -ius  (207). 

encourage,  cohortor,  i. 

end,  finis,  -is,  m.  (148,  c). 

endure,  tolero,  i. 

enemy,  hostis,  -is,  m.  and  /  ; 
inimlcus,  -1,  m.  (149). 

enjoy,  fruor,  3,  w.  abl. 

Ennius,  Ennius,  -I,  w. 

enter,  ineo  (520). 

equal,  par,  paris. 

escape,  se  eripere. 

especially,  maxime. 

Europe,  Europa,  -ae,/. 

even,  etiam;  ipse  (304,^). 

Fabricius,  Fabricius,  -i,  m. 
fact,  res,  re!,/  (258). 


fair,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 

faithfully,  fideliter. 

famous,  clarus,  -a,  -um. 

far,  longe. 

farmer,  agricola,  -ae,  m. 

father,  pater,  -tris,  m. 

fault,  vitium,  -1,  n. ;  culpa,  -ae, 
f.  ;  Jind  fault  with,  vitupero,  i; 
culp5,  I. 

favor,  faveo,  2,  w.  dat. 

fear,  n.  terror,  -oris,  m. 

fear,  v.  timeo,  2. 

few,  paucT,  -ae,  -a. 

field,  ager,  agri,  m.;  in  the  field, 
militiae  {loc^. 

fight,  pugno,  I ;  dimico,  i. 

fill  up,  compleo,  2. 

find,  reperio,  4. 

fine,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 

finish,  conficio,  3. 

fire.  Ignis,  -is,  m. 

firmness,  constantia,  -ae,/ 

first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 

five  hundred,  quingenti,  -ae,  -a. 

flee,  fugi5,  3. 

flight,  fuga,  -ae,/ 

flower,  flos,  floris,  w. 

follow,  sequor,  3. 

fond  of  (be),  amo,  i. 

food,  cibus,  -1,  m. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  -itis,  m. 

for,  conj.  nam. 

for,  sign  of  dative  ;  prep.,  de,  pro, 
w.  abl.;  of  time,  space,  pur- 
pose, in,  w.  ace. 

force,  manus,  -us,/ 

forces,  copiae,  -arum,/ 

foresight,  prudentia,  -ae,/ 

forever,  semper. 

form,  facio,  3. 


former 


281 


high 


former  (the),  ille  (loo,  e). 

fortify,  munio,  4. 

fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,/ 

forum,  forum,  -I,  n. 

forward   (go),    procedo,    3;   pro- 

gredior,  3. 
free,  liber,  -era,  -erum. 
friend,  amicus,  -I,  th. 
friendly,  amicus,  -a,  -um. 
frighten,  terreo,  2. 
frightened,  territus,  -a,  -um. 
ixom.y  de.,  w.  abl. ;    away  from,  a 

or  ab,  w.  abl.  ;    out  o/y  c  or  ex, 

7V.  abl. 
furnish,  praebeo,  2. 
further,  ulterior,  -ius  (200). 

gain,  reports,  i. 

Galba,  Galba,  -ae,  m. 

garden,  hortus,  -I,  m. 

gate,  porta,  -ae,  / 

Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,  /. 

Gaul  (a).  Callus,  -I,  m. 

general,  dux,  ducis,  m.  and  /  ; 

imperator,  -oris,  m. 
Germans,  GermanI,  -orum,  m. 
get  (possession  of),  potior,  4,  w. 

abl.;  (ready),  paro,  i. 
gift,  donum,  -I,  n. 
girl,  puella,  -ae,  /. 
give,  d5,  I. 
glad,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
go,  eo  (520)  ;   (forth,  out),  exeo  ; 

(off,  away),  abeo  ;  discedo,  3  ; 

(on,  forward),    progredior,   3; 

(up  to),  subeo. 
god,  deus,  -I,  m.  (499). 
goddess,  dea,  -ae,  /  (p.  13,  «.  5). 
gold,  aurum,  -1,  «. 
golden,  aureus,  -a,  -um. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um  (500). 


good-bye,  vale,  valete. 

grain,  frumentum,  -i,  n. 

grant,  do,  i. 

great,    magnus,    -a,   -um    (207)  ; 

ingens,  -entis. 
greatest,  summus,  -a,  -um  (199). 
greatly,  maxime. 
Greece,  Graecia,  -ae,  /. 
Greek  (a),  Graecus,  -I,  ;;/. 
ground  (on  the),  hum!  {loc). 
guard,  custodio,  4. 

hand,  man  us,  -us,  f. 

handsome,  pulcher,  -chra,-chrum. 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alls,  m. 

happen,  accido,  3. 

harbor,  portus,  -us  (231). 

harm  (do),  noceo,  2;  obsum  (395); 
zu.  dat. 

hasten,  propero,  i. 

have,  habeo,  2. 

he,  is  (119)  ;  hic  (100);  ille  (100). 

head,  caput,  -itis,  «.  (126)  ;  be  at 
the  head  of ,  praesum  (516). 

health,  valetud5,  -inis,  /. 

health  (be  in  good),  valeo,  2. 

hear,  audio,  4  (515). 

heavy,  gravis,  -e. 

helmet,  galea,  -ae,  fi 

help,  iuvo,  I. 

Helvetia,  Helvetia,  -ae,  /. 

Helvetians  (the),  Helvetii,  -orum, 
m. 

Henna,  Henna,  -ae,  / 

her,  eius  (119);  ilHus  (100);  re- 
flexive, suus,  -a,  -um  (248,  b). 

hero,  vir,  virT,  m.  (141). 

hesitate,  dubito,  i. 

hide,  lateo,  2. 

high,  altus,  -a,  -um  ;  superus,  -a, 
-um  (199). 


highest 


282 


let 


highest,  summus,  -a,  -um  (199). 

hill,  collis,  -is,  m. 

himself,  see  self. 

his,  eius  (119)  ;  illlus  (100)  ;  re- 
flexive, suus,  -a,  -um  (248,  V). 

history,  historia,  -ae,  / 

hither,  citerior,  -ius  (200). 

hold,  habeo,  2  ;  teneo,  2;  con- 
tineo,  2. 

home,  domus,  -us,  /.  (499)  ;  at 
home,  domi. 

hope,  n.  spes,  -el,  /. 

hope,  V.  spero,  i. 

horn,  cornu,  -us,  «.  (230). 

horse,  equus,  -I,  m. 

horseman,  horse-soldier,  eques, 
-itis,  m. 

hostage,  obses,  -idis,  m.  and/ 

hour,  h5ra,  -ae,  /. 

house,  domus,  -us,  /  (499)- 

hundred,  centum, 

hunter,  venator,  -oris,  m. 

hurt,  noceo,  2,  w.  dat. 

I,  ego  (245). 

if,  si;  if  not,  nisi, 

ill,  adv.  male  (215), 

in,  in,  w.  abl. 

incite,  incito,  i. 

increase,  augeo,  2. 

industriously,  cum  dlligentia. 

industry,  dlligentia,  -ae,/ 

infantry,  pedites,  -um,  tn. ;  pedi- 

tatus,  -us,  m. 
Internals  (the),  infer!,  -orum,  m. 
inform,  certiorem  facio. 
inhabitant,  incola,  -ae,  m.  and/ 
injure,   noceo,  2;   obsum    (516); 

w.  dat. 
into,  in,  7v.  ace. 
island.  Insula,  -ae,/ 


it,  is,  ea,  id  (119);  hic,  ille  (100) 
Italy,  Italia,  -ae,/ 
itself,  see  self. 

javelin,  pllum,  -T,  n. 

jewel,  ornamentum,  -T,  n. 

joy,  gaudium,  -T,  n. 

joyfully,  cum  gaudio. 

Jupiter,  luppiter,  lovis,  m.  (499). 

just,  iustus,  -a,  -um. 

keep,  habeo,  2 ;  teneo,  2, 

keep  off,  arceo,  2, 

kill,  neco,  i ;  interficio,  3. 

king,  rex,  regis,  m. 

know,  scio,  4;  (not),  nescio,  4. 

known,  notus,  -a,  -um. 

Labienus,  Labienus,  -T,  m. 

labor,  n.  labor,  -oris,  m. 

labor,  V.  laboro,  i. 

lack,  desum  (516);  careo,  2. 

land,  terra,  -ae,/ 

large,  magnus,  -a,  -um  (207). 

last,   supremus,  -a,    -um    (199); 

ultimus,  -a,  -um  (209). 
latter  (the),  hie,  haec,  hoc  (100,  e). 
laugh,  rideo,  2  ;  (aloud),  cachin- 

no,  I. 
laziness,  pigritia,  -ae,/ 
lazy,  piger,  -gra,  -grum. 
lead,  duco,  3;  (out,  forth,  off), 

educo,  3. 
leader,   dux,    ducis,   m.   and  /; 

princeps,  -ipis,  m. 
leaf,  folium,  -T,  n. 
learn,  disco,  3, 

left  (hand),  sinister,  -tra,  -trum. 
legate,  legatus,  -T,  m. 
legion,  legio,  -onis,/ 
let,  sign  of  subj,  or  imperative. 


letter 


283 


nor 


letter,  epistula,  -ae,  /. ;  litterae,  < 

-arum,/ 
lie  (=  recline)^  iaceo,  2. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -T,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,/ 
light,  adj.  levis,  -e. 
light,  n.  lux,  lucis,/ 
like,  similis,  -e  (198.) 
line  of  battle,  acies,  -el,  / 
little,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 
live,  VIVO,  3;  habits,  i. 
long,  longus,  -a,  -um ;  for  a  long 

time,  long,  diu. 
look  (at),   specto,    i ;   (out  for), 

euro,  I. 
love,  amo,  i  (511). 
lower,  inferior,  -ius  (199). 
luckily,  fellciter. 

maiden,  maid,  puella, -ae,/  (ser- 
vant), an  cilia,  -ae,/ 

make,  facio,  3. 

man,  vir,  virl,  m.  (57);  homo, 
-inis,  m.  (141). 

many,  multi,  -ae,  -a. 

march,  via,  -ae,  /.;  iter,  itine- 
ris,  n.  (499). 

Marcus,  Marcus,  -%m. 

Marius,  Marius,  -I,  m. 

master,  dominus,  -T,  m.;  magis- 
ter,  -tri,  m.  (61). 

mean,  habeo  in  animo. 

means  {by  tneans  of),  use  abl. 

meantime  (in  the),  interim. 

meanwhile,  interim. 

Mercury,  Mercurius,  -T,  m. 

merry,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 

messenger,  nun  tins,  -T,  m. 

mind,  animus,  -1,  m. 

mine,  meus,  -a,  -um  (247). 

Minerva,  Minerva,  -ae,/ 


money,  pecunia,  -ae,/ 

month,  mensis,  -is,  m. 

moon,  luna,  -ae,/ 

more,  plus  (208);  magis. 

most,  plurimus,  -a,  -um  (207). 

mother,  mater,  -tris,/ 

mountain,  mons,  montis,  m. 

mourn,  lugeo,  2. 

move,  moveo,  2. 

much,  multus,  -a,  -um  (207). 

multitude,  multitudo,  -inis,/ 

Muse,  Musa,  -ae,/ 

must,  expressed  by  gerundive. 

my,  meus,  -a,  -um  (247). 

name,  nomen,  -inis,  «. 

narrow,  angustus,  -a,  -um. 

Nasica,  NasTca,  -ae,  ni. 

near,  ad,  w.  ace;  prope,  w.  ace. 

near  by,  at  hand,  prope. 

nearer,  propior,  -ius  (200). 

neighbor,  vTcinus,  -T,  m. 

neither,  neque. 

neither  (of  two),  neuter,  -tra, 
-trum  (291). 

never,  numquam. 

nevertheless,  tamen. 

new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 

next,  posterus,  -a,  -um ;  postre- 
mus,  -a,  -um  (199). 

nibble,  carpo,  3. 

night,  nox,  noctis,/ 

Nile  (the).  Nil  us,  -T,  m. 

nine,  novem. 

ninth,  nonus,  -a,  -um. 

no,  nullus,  -a,  -um  (291). 

nobody,  no  one,  nemo,  -inis,  m. 
and/;  that  no  one  {neg.  pur- 
pose), ne  quis. 

no  longer,  iam,  w.  neg. 

nor,  neque. 


not 


284 


punish 


not,  non ;  ne. 
nothing,  nihil,  indecl. 
now,  nunc;  iam. 
number,  numerus,  -i,  m. 

oar,  remus,  -i,  tn. 

obey,  pareo,  2,  w.  dat. 

of,  sign  of  genitive ;  de,  w.  abl.; 

out  of,  e  or  ex,  iv.  abl. 
offer,  n.  propositum,  -I,  «. 
offer,  V.  pr5p6n5,  3. 
often,  saepe. 
Oh!  O. 
old,  antiquus,  -a,  -um  ;  vetus,  -eris 

(175,  206,  211);  (man),  senex, 

senis  (499). 
on,  in,  w.  abl.  ;  {of  time),- abl. 
once  (upon  a  time),  olim. 
one,  unus,  -a,  -um  (284);  one  .  .  . 

another,  alius  .  .  .  alius ;  the  one 

.  .  .  the  other,  alter  .  .  .  alter, 
only,  tantum. 
open,  aperio,  4. 
order,  imperS,  i ,  w.  dat. ;  iubeo, 

2,  w.  ace.  ;  in  order  to,  ut,  w. 

siibj. 
other,   alius,  -a,  -ud  (2(^2)^, .  some 

.  .  .  others,    alii  .  .  .  alii ;     {of 

two),  alter,  -era,  -erum. 
ought,  debeo,  2 ;  gerundive. 
our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 
ourselves,  see  self.         [the  verbs, 
out,  in  combination  w.  verbs,  see 
out  of,  e  or  ex,  w.  abl. 
overcome,    vinco,    3;    supero,   i. 
overwhelm,  supero,  i. 
own   (his,  her,  their),  suus,  -a, 

-um;  (my),  mens,  -a,  -um;  (our), 

noster,     -tra,     -trum;     (your), 

vester,  -tra,  -trum;  (thy),  tuus, 

-a,  -um  (247). 


parent,  parens,  -entis,  m.  and/. 
Parmenio,  Parmenio,  -onis,  m. 
part,  pars,  partis,/. 
patience,  patientia,  -ae,/    [entia. 
patiently,    patienter ;   cum  pati- 
peace,  pax,  pacis,/ 
peasant,  rusticus,  -I,  m. 
people,  populus,  -1,  m. 
perform,  fungor,  3,  w.  abl. 
peril,  perlculum,  -i,  n. 
permit,  permitto,  3,  w.  dat. 
persuade,  persuaded,  2,  w.  dat. 
physician,  medicus,  -i,  m. 
pitch  (camp),  pond,  3. 
place,    locus,    -I,    m.     (242);    in 

that  place,  ibi. 
plain,  planities,  -ei,/ 
pleasant,  gra*us,  -a,  -um. 
please,  placeo,  2,  -w.  dat. 
pleasing,  gratus,  -a,  -um. 
plough,  11.  aratrum,  -i,  n. 
plough,  V.  aro,  i. 
pluck,  carpo,  3. 
Pluto,  Pluto,  -onis,  m. 
Po  (the),  Padus,  -I,  m. 
poet,  poeta,  -ae,  m.. 
Pompey,  Pompeius,  Pompei,  m. 
poor,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
praise,  n.  laus,  laudis,/ 
praise,  v.  laudo,  i. 
prefer,  malo  (519). 
present  (be),  adsum  (516),  w.  dat 
presently,  mox. 
preserve,  conserve,  i. 
pretty,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
Proserpine,  Proserpina,  -ae,/ 
protect,  tego,  3. 
province,  provincia,  -ae,/ 
prudence,  prudentia,  -ae,/ 
prudent,  prudens,  -entis. 
punish,  punio,  4. 


punishment 


285 


sleep 


punishment,  poena,  -ae,/ 
purpose  {for  the  purpose  of),  ut 

or  qui,  7u.  sufy\  ;  ad,  iv.  gerund 

or  gerundive  ;  causa,  w.  gerund 

or  gerundive  ;  supine. 
put,  pono,  3  ;    (tO  death),   inter- 

ficio,  3;  (to  flight),  fugo,  I. 

queen,  reglna,  -ae,/ 
question,  interrogo,  i . 

rather,  comp.  degree  ;  wish  rather, 

mal5  (519). 
read,  lego,  3. 
receive,    recipio,    3;    accipia,   3; 

excipio,  3. 
refresh,  recreo,  i. 
reign,  regno,  i.         * 
rejoice,  gauded,  2. 
remain,  maneo,  2. 
remove  (=  e??iigrate),  demigro,  i. 
render,  praebeo,  2, 
renown,  fama,  -ae,/;  gloria, -ae,/ 
reply,  respondeo,  2. 
return,   redeo  (520) ;  reverter,  3. 
reward,  praemium,  -I,  ;/. 
riches,  divitiae,  -arum,/ 
right  (hand),  dexter,  -tra,  -trum. 
river,  flumen,  -inis,  n. 
road,  via,  -ae,/ 
Roman,  Romanus,  -a,  -um. 
Rome,  Roma,  -ae,/ 
Romulus,  Romulus,  -I,  m. 
rose,  rosa,  -ae,/ 
rout,  fugo,  I. 
rule,  n.  imperium,  -I,  n. 
rule,  V.  rego,  3  (513);  regno,  i. 

Sabines,  SabinT,  -orum,  m. 
sad,  trlstis,  -e ;  maestus,  -a,  -um. 
safe,  tutus,  -a,  -um. 


safety,  salus,  -utis,/ 

sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m. 

sake  {for  the  sake),  causa,  w.  gen 

same.  Idem,  eadem,  idem  (303). 

save,  servo,  i;  conservo,  i. 

say,  dlco,  3;  inquit. 

Scipio,  Scipi5,  -onis,  m. 

sea,  mare,  -is,  n. 

second,  secundus,  -a,  -um. 

see,  video,  2. 

seem,  videor,  2. 

seize,  occupo,  i. 

self,  ipse,  -a,  -um  (303);  sui  (245). 

senate,  senatus,  -us,  m. 

send,  mitto,  3. 

servant,  servus,  -T,  m. 

set   (out),    proficTscor,    3;   (free), 

libero,  I. 
seventeen,  septendecim. 
seventh,  septimus,  -a,  -um. 
Sextus,  Sextus,  -1,  m. 
shake,  agito,  i. 
share,  dispertio,  4. 
she,  ea  ( 1 1 9,  ^) ;  haec,  ilia  (i 00,/). 
shield,  scutum,  -1,  n. 
ship,  navis,  -is,/  (149). 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
shrewd,  acer,.-cris,  -ere. 
sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum. 
side  {on  the  other  side  of),  trans, 

w.  ace. 
since,  cum,  2v.  suhj. ;  sometimes 

implied  in  participle, 
sixth,  sextus,  -a,  -um. 
sixty,  sexaginta. 
size,  magnitudo,  -inis,/ 
skill,  scientia,  -ae,/ 
skillful,  skilled,  perltus,  -a,  -untu 
slave,  servus,  -I,  m. 
slay,  neco,  i ;  interficio,  3. 
sleep,  somnus,  -I,  m. 


small 


286 


their 


small,  parvus,  -a,  -um. 

SO,  ita;  tarn;  (great),  tantus,  -a, 
-um;  (that),  ut;  (as  not  to),  ut 
non ;  ne. 

soldier,  miles,  -itis,  m. 

some  (one),  aliquis,  -qua,  -quid, 
-quod  (308) ;  quidam,  quaedam, 
quod-  or  quiddam;  some  .  .  . 
others,  alii. .  .alii;  {of  two  par- 
ties), alter!,  -  .  alter!  j  often  not 
expressed. 

something,  aliquid. 

sometimes,  interdum. 

son,  filius,  -!,  ni.  (495). 

soon,  mox. 

source,  fons,  fontis,  tn. 

sowing,  sementis,  -is,/ 

space,  spatium,  -1,  n. 

Spain,  Hispania,  -ae,/ 

spear,  hasta,  -ae,/ 

speedily,  cum  celeritate,  celeriter. 

spirit,  animus,  -i,  m. 

spirited,  acer,  -cris,  -ere. 

spur,  calcar,  -aris,  n. 

state,  civitas,  -atis,/.;  res  publica, 
re!  publicae,  / 

statue,  statua,  -ae,  f. 

stature,  statura,  -ae,  /;  magni- 
tude corporis. 

stay,  maneo,  2. 

stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 

story,  fabula,  -ae,/. 

still,  adv.  tamen. 

strange,  mlrabilis,  -e. 

street,  via,  -ae,/ 

strong,  validus,  -a,  -um  ;  fortis,  -e. 

sturdy,  validus,  -a,  -um. 

subdue,  paco,  i. 

successfully,  optime;  fellciter. 

suddenly,  subito. 

suffer,  toler5,  i ;  laboro,  i. 


summer,  aestas,  -atis,/ 
sun,  sol,  solis,  m. 
superior,  superior,  -ius  (199). 
sure  (be),  fac,  facite,  w.  ut. 
surpass,  super5,  i. 
survive,  supersum  (516). 
swiftly,  celeriter. 
sword,  gladius,  -i,  m. 

table,  mensa,  -ae,/ 

take,  capio,  3 ;  occupo,  i ;  sumo, 
3;  (by  storm),  expugno,  i. 

talent,  talentum,  -!,  n. 

tale,  fabula,  -ae,/ 

tall,  altus,  -a,  -um. 

task,  pensum,  -I,  n. 

taste,  gusto,  i. 

tell,  narro,  i ;  d!co,  3. 

temple,  templum, -i,  n. 

ten,  decem. 

tender,  tener,  -era,  -erum. 

tenth,  decimus,  -a,  -um. 

terrify,  terreo,  2. 

territories,  fines,  -ium,  m. 

terror,  terror,  -oris,  m. 

testudo,  testud5,  -inis,/ 

than,  quam;  abl.  (194). 

thanksgiving,  supplicatio,  -onis,/ 

that,  conj.  {in  purpose  or  result 
clauses),  ut;  {after  verbs  of 
fearing),  ne ;  (not),  ne ;  ut  non  ; 
{after  verbs  of  fearing),  ut ;  {after 
verbs  of  saying  and  the  like), 
not  translated. 

that,  demon. pron.,  is,  ea,  id  (i  19) ; 
ille,  -a,  -ud  (100);  iste,  -a,  -ud 
(303);  rel.  pron.,  qui,  quae, 
quod  (no).  [ea,  id(ri9). 

the,  commonly  not  expressed ;  is, 

their,  gen.  plur.  of  is ;  reflexive, 
suus,  -a,  -um  (247). 


themselves 


287 


themselves,  see  self. 

then,  turn. 

there,  ibi;  as  an  expletive,  not 
translated. 

therefore,  igitur. 

thing,  res,  rel,  /.;  sometimes 
omitted. 

think,  puto,  I. 

thirteen,  tredecim. 

thirty,  triginta. 

this,  is,  ea,  id  (119);  hie,  haec, 
hoc  (100). 

though,  cum,  w.  sub;.;  sometimes 
implied  in  participle. 

thousand,  mllle  {284,  d). 

three,  tres,  tria  (284). 

three  hundred,  trecentl,  -ae,  -a. 

through,  per,  w.  ace. 

throw,  iacia,  3. 

thus,  ita. 

Ticinus  (the),  Ticlnus,  -I,  m. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n. 

tired,  tired  out,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

to,  sign  of  dative  ;  ad,  in,  w.  ace. ; 
{expressing  purpose),  ut,  w. 
subj. ;  ad,  w.  gerund  or  gerun- 
dive ;  causa,  w.  gerund  or 
gerundive  ;  supine. 

to-day,  hodie. 

together  with,  cum,  w.  abl. 

toil,  labSro,  i. 

touch,  tango,  3. 

towards,  ad,  in,  w.  ace. 

town,  oppidum,  -1,  n. 

townsman,  oppidan  us,  I,  m. 

train,  educo,  i. 

triumph,  triumphus,  -I,  m. 

troops,  copiae,  -arum,/! 

true,  verus,  -a,  -um. 

trumpet,  tuba,  -ae,/. 

trumpeter,  tubicen,  -inis,  m. 


trust,  fido,  3  (363). 

try,  tento,  i. 

turn,  fleets,  3. 

twenty,  viginti. 

two,  duo,  -ae,  -0;  (which  of), 
uter,  -tra,  -trum ;  (each  of), 
uterque,  utraque,  utrumque. 

under,  sub,  w.  ace.  and  abl. 
undergo,  subeo  (520). 
unknown,  incognitus,  -a,  -um. 
unlike,  dissimilis,  -e  (198). 
unwilling  (be),  nolo  (519). 
up,  in  combination  w.  verbs,  see 

the  verbs. 
upon,  in,  w.  ace.  or  abl. 
use,  utor,  3 ;  iv.  abl. 
useful,  utilis,  -e. 

valor,  virtus,  -utis,/ 

vanquish,  vinco,  3. 

vehemently,  graviter. 

Vergil,  Vergilius,  -i,  m. 

very,  superl.  degree  ;  ipse,  -a,  -um. 

victor,  victor,  -oris,  m. 

victory,  victoria,  -ae,/. 

vine,  vltis,  -is,/ 

virtue,  virtus,  -utis,/ 

voice,  vox,  vocis,/ 

wage  (war),  gero,  3. 

walk  (=  lake  a  walk),  ambulo,  r. 

wall,    murus,    -I,    m.;     moenia, 

-ium,  n. 
wander  through,  peragro,  i. 
want  (=  wish),  V0I5  (519);  (= 

lack),  careo,  2,  w.  abl. ;  desum 
war,  bellum,  -I,  n. 
warn,  moneo,  2. 
water,  aqua,  -ae,  / 
wave,  fluctus,  -us,  m. 


way 


288 


zealously 


way,  via,  -ae,  f. ;  iter,  itineris,  n. 

weapon,  telum,  -i,  n. 

weary,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

well,  bene  (215). 

what,  tnterrog.,  quis,  quae,  quid 

(quod)  (105). 
when,  cum,  ubi. 
whence,  unde. 
where,  ubi. 
whether,  num. 
which,  qui,  quae,  quod  (no);  {of 

two),  uter,  utra,  ulrum  (291). 
while,  dum;   sometimes  implied 

in  participle, 
white,  albus,  -a,  -um. 
whither,  quo. 
who,    rel.,    qui,   quae    (no);    in- 

terrog.,  quis,  quae  (105). 
whole,  tStus,  -a,  -um  (291). 
why,  cur. 

wide,  latus,  -a,  -um. 
wife,  uxor,  -oris,/. 
wild  beast,  fera,  -ae,/. 
willing  (be),  volo  (519). 
win,  reports,  i. 
wine,  vlnum,  -T,  n. 
wing  (of  an  army),  cornu,  -us,  ;/. 
winter-quarters,  hiberna,  -drum,  n. 
wisdom,  prudentia,  -ae,/ 
wise,    sapiens,    -entis ;    prudens 

-entis. 
wish,    volo    (519);     (not)    nolo 

(5 '9). 


with,    cum,  w.   abL;   sometimes 

abl.  alone. 
withdraw,  discedo,  3. 
without,  sine,  w.  abl.         [-eris,/ 
woman,  femina,  -ae,  /  ;  mulier, 
wonder,  wonder  at,  miror,  i. 
wont  (be),  soleo,  2  (362). 
woods,  silva,  -ae,/ 
word,  verbum,  -1,  n.  ;  vox,  vocis,/ 
work,  laboro,  i. 
world,  orbis  terrarum. 
worse,  peior,  -ius  (207). 
would  that,  utinam. 
wound,  n.  vulnus,  -eris,  n. 
wound,  V.  vulnero,  i. 
write,  scrlbo,  3. 
writer,  scriptor,  -oris,  m. 

year,  annus,  -1,  m. 

yesterday,  her!. 

yonder  (that),ille,  -a,  -ud  (100,  r). 

you,  sing,  tu  ;  plur.  vos  (245). 

young,  iuvenis,  -e  (207). 

young  man,  youth,  adulescens, 

-entis,  m.;  iuvenis,  -is,  m. 
your,    sing,   tuus,  -a,   -um  ;  plur. 

vester,  -tra,  -trum  (247). 
yourselves,  see  self. 
youth  (body  of),  iuventus,  -utis,/ 

Zama,  Zama,  -ae,/ 
zeal,  studium,  -I,  «. 
zealously,  cum  studia. 


INDEX. 


1  declension  of  nouns,  14-19- 

a  verbs,  71-74,  8S-qi. 

a  and  ab  with  ablative  of  agent,  75,  76. 

ablative  case,  12. 

absolute,  387,  3S8. 

of  accompaniment,  241. 

of  agent,  76,  133,  i. 

of  cause,  132,  133,  4. 

of  degree  of  difference,  209,  a,  210. 

of  description,  139,  «,  140. 

of  manner,  93,  133,  3. 

of  means  or  instrument,  84,  133,  2. 

of  separation,  412,  413. 

of  specification,  167,  a,  168. 

of  time,  154,  a,  155. 

with  prepositions,  405. 

with  utor,/ruor,  etc.,  360,  361. 
ablative  of  adjectives  of  third  declen- 
sion, 163,  c. 

singular  of  adjectives  used  as  adverbs, 
214,^. 
abus  in  dative  and  ablative  of  first  de- 
clension, p.  13,  n.  5. 
accent,  9. 

in    contracted  genitive    of  nouns  in 
ius,  59. 
accusative  case,  12. 

of  extent,  259,  a,  260. 

like  nom.  in  neuter  nouns,  126,  c. 

object  of  transitive  verbs,  23. 

of  place  whither,  269. 

singular    of    adjectives    as    adverb, 
214.  d. 


subject  of  the  infinitive,  299. 

iti  indirect  discourse,  317-320. 
JTcer,  decl.,  163,  501  ;  comparison,  191. 
adjectives  of  first  and  second  decl.  49. 

of  third  declension,  163. 

irregular  (gen.  in  Ius),  291,  292. 

comparison,  190-194,  198-201,  207, 
208 ;  meaning  of  comparative  and 
superlative,  194,  c. 

declension  of  comparatives,  192. 

irregular  comparison,  198-200,  504. 

comparison  by  adverbs,  201. 

positive  wanting,  200,  504. 

interrogative  adjectives,  107. 

possessives,  247. 

predicate,  50,  a. 

with  complementary  infinitive,  298. 

in  the  plural  without  a  noun,  p.  44, n.  2 

with  nouns  :  agreement,  53  ;  order, 
32,  c,  p.  22,  n.  2. 

with  ablative  of  accompaniment,24i,rt. 

of  description,  139,  a,  140 

of  manner,  93. 

with  dative,  27,  c. 
adverbs,  formation,  214. 

comparison,  215. 

in   place   of   positives  of    adjectives, 
200,  504. 
aeger,  declension,  500. 
agent,  answers  the  question  l>y  •whom  ? 

133.  r- 

expressed  by  ablative  with  a  or  ab,  76. 

with  the  gerundive,  465,  c,  466. 
ager,  declension,  57,  495. 
agreement  of  adjectives,  53. 


appositives 


290 


consonant 


appositives,  45. 

predicate  nouns,  37. 

relative  pronouns,  113. 
aliquis,  declension,  30S,  510. 
alius,  declension,  292,  502. 
alius  .  .  .  alius  (alii  .  .  .  alii),  mean- 
ing, 292,  a. 
alphabet,  i. 

alter  .  .  .  alter,  meaning,  292,  a. 
altior,  declension,  192,  503. 
altus,  comparison,  191.  «. 

amo,  conjugation,  511. 
animal 4  declension,  148,  496. 
antecedent  of  relative  pronouns,  248. 

of  clause  of  characteristic,  432,  b. 
antepenult,  7,  j  ;  when  accented,  9,  2. 
appeals,  443,  444. 
apposition,  44,  45. 

arrangement  of  words  in   Latin  sen- 
tence, 32. 
article,  none  in  Latin,  16,  b. 
arx,  declension,  152,  496.    . 
audax,  declension,  163,  501  ;   compari- 
son, 191. 
audio,  conjugation,  515. 
avis,  declined  like  ignis,  148,  c. 

B 

bonl,  as  noun,  p.  44,  n.  2. 

bonus,  declension,  500;  comparison, 
207. 

bos,  declension,  499. 

breris,  declension,  163,  501 ;  compari- 
son, 191. 


calcar,  declension,  148,  496. 
capio,  conjugation,  514. 
caput,  declension,  126,  496. 
cardinals,  table  of,  505. 
indeclinable  from  quattuor  to  centutn, 

284,  b. 
case  of  relative  pronouns,  113. 
cases,  names,  12  [see  under  nominative, 

genitive,  etc.]. 
Muaal  clauses,  with  cum,  434,  435; 

relative,  43a.  433- 


cause,  expressed  by  the  ablative,   132, 

388. 
characteristic  ablative  [see  ablative  of 
description],  140. 
relative  clauses,  432,  433. 
characteristic  Towels  of  the  four  con- 
jugations, 337. 
clvis,  declined  like  Ignis,  148,  c. 
clauses,  final,  253,  d. 
of  purpose,  254. 
relative    (of    purpose,   characteristic, 

etc.),  432,  433. 
with  cum,  when,  381,  382. 
cliens,  declension,  152,  496. 
colloquia :  for  practice  on  pronuncia- 
tion, etc.,  II,  26,  41. 
Duo  puer'i,  70. 

Frater  et  Sororcula,  137,  162,  289. 
Pater  et  Filiolus,  79,  219,  367. 
Praeceptor  et  Discipulus,  147,  264. 
Socrates  et  RJtadamanthus ,  431. 
Tityrus  et  Meliboeus,  416. 
commands,  443,  444. 
comparative,  declined,   192;  plus,  de- 
clined, 208. 
followed  by  the  ablative,  194. 
meaning  too,  194,  c. 
comparison  of  adjectives,  190-194,  198- 
201,  207,  208. 
irregular,  198-201,  207. 
by  adverbs,  201. 
six  adjectives  in  lis,  198. 
irregular  superlatives,  199. 
positive  wanting,  200. 
of  adverbs,  215. 
ablative  of,  194. 
compound  tenses  often  omit  est,  p.  106, 

n.4. 
conditional  sentences,  448. 
present  and  past   time  with  nothing 

implied,  449,  450. 
contrary  to  fact,  450,  B,  451. 
future  time,  451,  C,  D,  452. 
conjuiration.    See  verbs. 
consilium,  genitive  in  i,  59;  declen- 
sion, 495. 
consonant  ly  2. 


steins 


291 


conditions 


stems,  how  named,  125. 
consonants,  7,  2,  j. 

how  pronounced,  6. 
consul,  declension,  138,  496. 
contraction    in    perfect    and    cognate 
tenses  when  v  is  lost,  337,  b. 

in  genitive  of  nouns  in  turn  and  ius, 

59- 

vowel  resulting  from  contraction,  8,  3. 
cornu,  declension,  230,  497. 
corpus,  declension,  138,  496. 
cum,  with  abl.  of  accompaniment,  241. 

with  ablative  of  manner,  93. 

joined  to  ablative   of    personal   pro- 
nouns, 246,  e. 

in  clauses  of  time,  381,  382. 

causal  and  concessive,  432-435. 


datiTe  case,  12. 

of  agent,  465,  c,  466. 

with  adjectives,  27,  j. 

with  compound  verbs,  397. 

with  compounds  of  sum,  397,  a. 

double  dative,  399,  a. 

of  iudirect  object,  28. 

of  possession,  29. 

of  service,  398,  399. 

with  intransitive  vcbs,  372. 
dea,  dat.  and  abl.  plural  of,  p.  13,  n.  5. 
declension.     See  «<?««jand  adjectives. 

of  adjectives  of  first  and  second  de- 
clensions, 49-52. 

of  third  declension  adjectives,  163. 

of  comparatives,  192. 
degree  of  difference  expressed  by  the 

ablative,  209,  a,  210. 
demonstrative  adj#and  pronouns,  loi, 
a.     See  hie,  idem,  tile,  ipse,  is,  iste. 
derivation,  342-350. 
descriptive  abl.  and  gen.,  139,  a,  140. 
deus,  declension,  499. 
dies,  declension,  258,  498 ;  gender,  257. 
diphthongs,  how  pronounced,   5  ;  are 

long,  8,  3. 
direct  statements,  317. 
domi  as  locative,  232. 


domum,  used  of  place  whither,  269,  a. 
domus,  declension,  499;  gender,  229,  9. 

construction  of,  407,  a,  408. 
donum,  declension,  43,  495. 
due  for  duce,  p.  86,  n. 
dum  with  present  ind.,  p.  87,  n.  i. 
duo,  declension,  284,  502. 


E 


e  verbs,  172-174,  184-187. 

ego,  declension,  245,  506. 
precedes  pronouns  of  the  second  per- 
son, p.  96,  n.  4. 

eius  compared  with  suus,  248,  b. 

enclitics,  9,  j. 

English  method  of  pronunciation,  10. 

eo,  conjugation,  404,  520. 

est  often  omitted,  p.  106,  n.  4. 

extent  of  time  or  space,  how  expressed, 
259,  <z,  260. 


fables  :  Mulier  et  Gallina,  481. 

Puer  Mendax,  484. 

ROsticus  et  Canis  Fidelis,  483. 

Senex  et  Mors,  485 . 

Vulpes  et  Led,  486. 

Vulpes  et  Uva,  482, 
fac  lor /ace,  p.  103,  n. 
fearing,  verbs  of,  333. 
feminine  gender,  rule.  13,  2. 
fero,  conjugation,  425,  521. 
filia,  declension  of,  p.  13,  n.  5. 
filius,  vocative,  59,  495,  a. 

declension,  495. 
final  clauses,  253,  d. 
finis,  declined  like  ignis,  148,  c. 
finite  verb,  p.  10,  n. 
fio,  conjugation,  425,  520. 
formation  of  words,  342-350. 
fruor,  followed  by  the  ablative,  361. 
fungor,  followed  by  the  ablative,  361. 
future  active  participle  in  intransitive 
verbs,  p.  96,  n.  i. 

conditions  (more  and  less  vivid),  451. 
452. 


gender 


292 


iuvenis 


0 

gender,  rules,  13. 

of  first  declension,  p.  7. 

of  second  declension,  42. 

of  third  declension,  159. 

of  fourth  declension,  229. 

of  fifth  declension,  257. 
genitive  case,  12. 

descriptive,  139,  a,  140. 

partitive,  203. 

with  nouns,  36. 
gerund  is  a  verbal  noun,  471. 

nominative  supplied  by  the  inf.,  471. 

use,  472,  474. 
gerundive  implies  necessity,  duty,  or 
obligation,  465,  a. 

takes  the  dative  of  agent,  465,  <r,  466. 

used  as  a  verbal  adjective,  473,  474- 

used  with  ad  to  express  purpose,  474  c. 

used  with  sum  to  form  the  Second 
Periphrastic  Conjugation,  464. 
gradus,  declension,  230,  497. 


hic,  declension,  100,  507. 

how  related  to  is  and  tile,  119,  b. 

as  a  personal  pronoun,  245,  a. 
homo,  declension,  138,  496. 

distinguished  from  vir,  141.      • 
hortus,  declension,  43,  495. 
hostis,  declension,  148,  496. 

distinguished  from  inimlcus,  149. 


i   with  force  of  a  consonant  before  a 

vowel,  2. 
idem, declension,  303,  507 ;  use.  304,  e,/. 
igitur,  postpositive,  p.  33,  n.  2. 
Ignis,  declension,  148,  496. 
ille,  declension,  100,  507. 

common  uses,  100,  c-f. 

as  personal  pronoun,  245,  a. 
imperative  in  commands,  443,  444- 
impersonal  use  of  verbs,  465,  b. 
in  with  accusative  and  ablative,  405,  b,  c. 
indefinite  antecedent   of  relative 

clauses  of  characteristic,  432,  b. 
indirect  discourse,  317-320. 


model  sentences,  317,  319. 
rule,  318. 
indirect  object,  case  of,  28. 
indirect  questions,  420,  421. 
infinitive,  complementary,  297,  b. 
in  indirect  discourse,  317,  318. 
tenses  in  indirect  discourse,  319,  320. 
used  as  in  English,  297. 
not  used  to  express  purpose,  254,  a. 
regarded  as  a  neuter  noun,  p.  81,  n.  3. 
takes  a  subject  accusative,  299. 
in    compound    forms    esse    is    often 
omitted,  p.  133,  n.  i. 
inimicus,  distinguished  from  hostis,  149. 
instrumental  ablative,  84. 

answers  the  question  by  what?  133,  2. 
interrogative  adjectives,  107,  a,  b,  c. 
pronouns,  105-107;  declined,  105,  509. 
table  of  meanings,  106. 
review  sentences,  117,  118. 
words  introducing  indirect  questions, 
421,  a,  b. 
interrogo,  compared  with  qjtaero,  422. 
intransitive  verbs  followed  by  dative, 

372. 
io,  verbs  in  id  of  the  third  conjugation, 

265-267. 
ipse,  declension,  303,  507. 
used  for  emphasis,  304,  g^. 
distinguished  from  se,  304,  g. 
irregular  adjectives  (genitive  in   lus), 
291,  292,  502. 
comparison :    of   adjectives,    198-200, 

207,  504  ;  of  adverbs,  215.  3. 
verbs :    eo,   404,   520  ;  /ero  and  /to, 
425,  520,  521  ;  possum  and  prosum, 
395.  5^8 ;  void,  nolo,  maid,  368-370, 
519. 
is,  declension,  119,  507. 
common  uses,  120. 
used  as  a  personal  pronoun,  245,  a. 
relation  to  hlc  and  ille,  119,  b. 
iste,  declension,  303,  507 ;  uses  of,  304, 

e,f- 
Iter,  declension,  499. 
luppiter,  declension,  499. 
inveniiy  comparison,  207. 


lapis 


293 


participles 


lapis,  declension,  130,  496. 
Irber,  declension,  500. 
liquidH,  3. 
liquid  stems,  125,  138. 

declension,  138,  496. 
locative  case,  13. 

endings,  180,  b. 

in  what  words  used,  180,  a. 


malo,  conjugation,  368-370,519. 
mains,  comparison,  207. 
mSgnus,  comparison,  207. 
manner,  how  expressed,  92,  a,  93. 

ablative  of,  answers  the  question  how  ? 
»33,J- 
manns,  gender,  229,  a. 
mare,  declension,  148,  496. 
masculine,  rule  of  gender,  13,  r. 
means,  denoted  by  the  ablative,  84. 

ablative  of,  answers  the  question  by 
ivhat  ?  83,  a,  133,  2. 
Mercurius,  has  a  vocative  in  I,  59. 
miles,  declension,  126,  496. 
mille,  declension,  284. 
miser,  comparison,  191. 
moneo,  conjugation,  512. 
multa,  used  as  a  noun,  p.  44,  n.  2. 
multus,  comparison,  207. 
mute,  3. 

followed  by  a  liquid,  8,  j. 
mute  stems,  125 ;  declension,  126,  130, 

'*■  N 

ne  =  tkat  (/est),  333,  a. 
as  negative  of  wishes  and  appeals, 
441,  a;  444,  a. 
-ne,  enclitic,  9,  j. 

when  not  used,  p.  39,  n. 
ne  non  used  instead  of  w/,  333,  b. 
neuter.    See  nouns. 
nix,  declension,  499. 
noceO,  intrans.,  and  governs  dat.,  371. 
nolo,  conjugation,  368-370,  519. 
the  imperatives  noli  and  nolite  in  neg- 
ative appeals  or  commands,  444,  b. 


nominative  ease,  12. 

subject  of  a  finite  verb,  22. 

in  the  third  declension  has  a  different 

vowel  from  the  stem,  126,  a. 
drops  the  final  letter  of  the  stem  before 

s,  130,  a. 
of  pronouns  expressed  only  for  em- 
phasis or  contrast,  246,  a. 
predicate  nominative,  37. 
nonne  expects  the  answer  yes,  p.  15,  n. 
nos  declension,  245,  506. 
nostrum  is  chiefly  partitive,  246,  d. 
nouns,  neuters    have    accusative    like 
nominative,  126,  c. 
order  of  noun  and  adjective,  3a,  c,  p. 

22,  n.  2. 
predicate  nouns,  36,  37. 
rules  of  gender,  13. 
nox,  declension,  152,  496. 
nubes,  declension,  148,  496. 
num  in  questions,  421,  ^. 
numerals,  284,  290;  given  in  505. 


O-stems     (second    declension),    42,    43, 

57-59- 
object  of  a  transitive  verb,  23. 

indirect  object,  28. 
optative  subjunctive,  442,  c. 
order  of  words  in  Latin,  32,  33. 
ordinals,  505  ;  declined  like  bonus,  290. 


parens,  genitive  plural  of,  152,  a. 
pared  intransitive,  371,  a. 
participles,  agreement,  89,  352. 
declension,  352. 
equivalents  in  English,  353,  c. 
force  of,  353,  «,  b. 

future  used  with  sum  to  form  the  peri- 
phrastic conjugations,  462,  464. 
have  no  present   passive   or   perfect 

active,  351. 
in  deponent  verbs,  359. 
perfect  of  in  deponent  verbs,  359,  a. 
sometimes  rendered  as  a  present,  p- 
197,  n.  13. 


participles 


294 


quo 


participles,  with  sum,  353,  d. 

uses  in  general,  353. 
partitive  genitive,  203. 
parvus,  how  compared,  207. 
passive,  compound  forms,  89. 
the  agent   expressed  by  the  ablative 
with  d  or  ab,  76. 
pater,  declension,  138,  496. 
penult,  7,  J ;  when  accented,  9,  2. 
perfect  tense:  loss  of  v  in,  when  contrac- 
tion may  take  place,  337,  b. 
subjunctive  in  appeals  and  commands. 
See  aXso  participles. 
periphrastic  conjugations,  462-466. 
person  of  relative  pronouns,  248. 
personal  pronouns.     S^t  pronouns. 
persuadeo,  intransitive,  371,  a. 
pes,  declension,  130,  496. 
place,  where,  whence,  406,  407. 

whither,  269,  406,  407. 
placeo,  intransitive,  n\,a. 
plus,  declension,  208,  503. 
portus,  irregular  dative  and   ablative 

plural,  231. 
possessive  adjectives,  247. 

dative,  29. 
possum,  how  compounded,  296,  a. 

conjugation,  517. 
postpositive  words,  p.  33,  n.  2. 
potior  governs  the  ablative,  361. 
predicate  nouns  (nominative),  36,  37. 
prefixes,  their  force,  350. 
prepositions  which  govern  the   abla- 
tive, 405. 
used  as   the    positive   of  adjs.,  200, 
504. 
present  participle  declined,  352. 
primary  tenses,  418,  a. 
prTnceps,  declension,  126,  496. 
principal  parts  of  verbs,  p.  26,  n. 
pronouns,  demonstrative  :  klc  and  ille, 
100,   Id,   declension,    100,  507  ;  is, 
119;  uses,  119,  «,  b,  c,  120;  relation 
to  hic  and   ille,  1 19,  b ;  iste,  Idem, 
ipse,  303,  507  ;  uses,  304. 
indefinite,  aliguis 3.nAg7ttdam,  declen- 
sion, 308,  510;  quisquam,  qu'ilibet, 


quiv'is,  quisque,  how  declined,  308, 
b\  quid-forms  used  as  nouns,  308,  c. 

interrogative,  105-107;  declension, 
105,  509;  review  sentences, i 16-118. 

personal,  declension,  245,  506 ;  nomi- 
native expressed  only  for  emphasis 
or  contrast,  246,  a  ;  use,  245,  a,  246, 
248. 

possessive.    See  possessive  adjectives. 

reflexive,  245,  246,  b,  c. 

relative,  110-113;  agreement,  113; 
declension,  1 10,  508  ;  table  of  mean- 
ings, 1 1 1 ;  review  sentences,  1 16- 
118. 
pronunciation,  Roman  method, vowels, 
4,  5,  6. 

English  method,  10. 
proper  names  in  ins  contract  it  to  t,  59. 
prosum,  conjugation,  518. 
prudens,  declension,  163,  501. 
puer,  declension,  57,  495. 
purpose,  or  final  clauses,  253,  d. 

expressed  by  the  subjunctive  with  ut 
and  ne,  254. 

accusative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive 
with  ad,  474,  c. 

dative  of  service,  398,  a. 

relative  clauses,  432,  433. 

supine  in  um,  475,  476. 

not  expressed  by  the  infinitive,  254,  a. 

Q 

Quaero  compared  with  interrogo,  422. 

quam  with  a  comparative,  194. 

-que,  enclitic,  9, 3. 

questions  (indirect),  420,  421. 

quid  equivalent  to  aliquid  after  st,  nl, 

nisi,  num,  p.  123,  n.  6. 
quTdam,  declension,  308,  510. 
quis,  declension,  105,  509. 
quisquam,  declined  like  qu'tdam,  308,  b. 
qulllbet,  declined  like  qu'tdam,  308,  b. 
quisque,  declined  like  qu'tdam,  308,  b. 
quivis,  declined  like  quidani,  308,  b. 
neuter   forms  in   quid-  are  used   as 

nouns,  308,  c. 


quod 


295 


subjunctive 


quo  .  .  .  eo,  the  .  .  .  the,  p.  92,  n.  5. 
quod  used  for  quid  as  an  interrogative 

adjective,  107,  b. 
qnoqne  and  quoqae,  p.  129,  n. 

B 

reading  exercises :  Alexander  et  Par- 
menio,  455. 
De  A  mtcitiS,  402. 
Nas'ica  et  Ennius,  385. 
Tubicen,  479. 
reading  lessons  :  A  Battle,  273. 
Ars  Memoriae,  376. 
Cerva  et  Vitis,  377. 
Ciceronis    Epistula    ad     Terentiam 

Uxor  em,  312. 
Cornelia' s  Jewels,  226. 
De  Vitiis  Hominum,  313. 
Gallia  Pacata,  392. 
Proserpina,  457,  458. 
Scipio  and  Hannibal,  144. 
The  Romans  and  the  Sabines,  97. 
The  Volscians,  177. 
reflexive  pronouns,  245,  246,  b\  of  the 

first  and  second  persons,  246,  c. 
rego,  conjugation,  513. 
reiatiye  pronouns,  110-113;  agreement, 
113;  declension,  no,  508. 
clauses  of  result,  purpose,  etc.,  432, 
433- 
res,  declension,  258,  498. 
result   expressed    by  the    subjunctive 

with  ut  or  ut  non,  278. 
rex,  declension,  126,  496. 
Roman  history  :  stories 0/ Casar  Octd- 
vianus  Aiigjtstus,  493. 
Citicinnatus,  488. 
Gains  Duilius,  489. 
Gains  Julius  Ccesar,  492. 
Gains  Mar  ins,  491. 
H or  at  II  et  Cnriatii,  487. 
Marcus  Porcius  Cato,  Puer,  490. 
Boman  metliod  of  pronouncing  Latin, 

4,  5,  6. 
rfis,  the  accusative  of,  269,  a. 
like  names  of  towns,  407,  a,  408. 


8 


se,  distinguished  from  ipse,  304,  g. 
secondary  tenses,  418,  a. 
semi-deponent  verbs,  362,  a. 
senex,  comparison,  207. 
separation,  how  expressed,  412,  413. 
sequence  of  tenses,  418,  419. 
service  (dative  of),  398,  399. 
sibilant,  3. 

space  (extent  of),  259,  a,  260. 
speciflcation,  ablative  of,  168. 
answers    the   question,  in    what    re- 
spect? 167,  a. 
stem  of  a  word,  defined,  p.  7,  n. 
of  nouns  of  the  Jirst  declension,  p.  7. 
of  nouns  of  the  second  declension,  p. 

16. 
of  nouns  of  the  third  declension,  124  ; 
how  found,  126,  b\  the  last  vowel 
changed  to  form  the  nominative, 
126,  a\  the  last  letter  dropped  to 
form  the  nominative,  130,  a\  mute, 
125;  declension,  126,  130,  496; 
liquid,  125;  declension,  138,  496; 
/■-stems,  148,  152,  153;  declension, 
148,  152,  496;  list  of  /-stems,  153. 
of  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension,  p. 

89. 
of  nouns   of  the  Jifth  declension,  p. 

100. 
of  verbs,  73,  a. 

of  the  Jirst  and  second  conjugations, 
172,  a. 
sub  with  accusative  and  ablative,  405,  d. 
subject  of  a  finite  verb,  22. 
of  an  infinitive,  298,  c,  299. 
agreement,  65. 
not  expressed,  21,  d. 
position  in  a  sentence,  32,  a,  b. 
subjunctive  of  purpose,  253,  254. 
result,  277-280. 
in  relative  clauses  of  cause,  purpose, 

result,  and  characteristic,  432,  433. 
after  verbs  of  fearing,  333. 
in  less  vivid  future  conditions,  451,^, 
452. 


subjunctive 


296 


vester 


subjanctive,   in  wishes    and    appeals, 
440-444  • 
with  mm  causal  and  concessive,  434, 

435  ;  temporal,  381,  382. 
present  tense    translated    as    future, 
333,  c. 
801,  declension,  245,  506. 

distinguished  from  ij>se,  304,  g. 
sum,  conjugation,  516. 
compounds,  inflected,  395  ;  govern  the 
dative  (except  aisurn  and  possum), 
397,  a. 
8UU8,  how  formed  and  declined,  247. 

compared  with  eius,  248,  b. 
supine  in  umi,  475,  476. 

in  u,  476,  b,  c. 
syllables,  number  of,  7,  /. 
division  of,  7,  2, 3. 
in  compound  words,  7,  4. 
how  named,  7, 3. 


temporal  clauses  introduced  by  cum, 

381,  382. 
tenses  of  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse, 
319,  320. 

primary  and  secondary,  418,  «. 

sequence  of,  419. 
terminations,  19,  a. 
time,  how  expressed,  154,  155;   extent, 

259,  a,  260. 
towns,  rules  for  names  of,  407. 

place  whither,  269. 
totus,  declension,  292,  502. 
tres,  declension,  284,  502. 
tu,  as  reflexive,  246,  c. 
tuba,  declension,  19,  494. 
tuns,  how  formed  and  declined,  247. 

compared  with  vester,  247,  a. 


u  as  a  semi-vowel,  p.  2,  n. 

ultima,  7,  J. 

ullus,   rendered  any  after  a  negative, 

sine,  etc.,  p.  124,  n.  7. 
unus,  declension,  284,  502. 
urbs,  declension,  152,  496. 


ut  of  purpose  (negative  ne),  254. 

translated  in  various  ways,  253. 

of  result  (negative  ut  tton),  277,  278. 

translated  that  not  with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing. 333.  a. 

translated  when  or  as,  when  followed 
by  the  indicative,  p.  196,  n.  6. 
utinam  in  subjunc.  of  appeal,  440,  441. 

omitted  with  the  present,  441,  a. 
utor  governs  the  ablative,  361. 


V,  often    lost   between   vowels  in    the 

perfect  and  cognate  tenses,  337,  b. 
verbs :     agreement,     65  ;    in     relative 
clauses,  248,  a. 

case  of  subject,  22  ;  of  object,  23. 

personal  endings  show  the  person  and 
number  of  the  omitted  subject,  i\.d. 

invariably  intransitive  give  the  future 
active  participle  in  the  principal 
parts, instead  of  the  perfect  passive, 
p.  96,  n.  I. 

transitive  in  English  are  often  intran- 
sitive and  govern  the  dative  in 
Latin,  371,  372. 

of  first  conjugation,  71-74,  88-91  ; 
conjugation,  511. 

of  second  conjugation,  172-174,  184- 
187;  conjugation,  512. 

of  third  conjugation,  220-222,  237- 
239;  conjugation,  513;  in  id,  265-267; 
conjugation,  514. 

oi  fourth  conjugation,  324-326,  330- 
332;  conjugation,  515. 

how  conjugations  are  distinguished, 
p.  26,  n.  I. 

review  of  four  conjugations,  337-341. 

deponents:  form,  meaning,  and  charac- 
teristics, 358  ;  how  conjugated,  359. 

periphrastic  conjugations,  462-466. 

irregular  verbs  :  see  under  eo,  fid, 
fero,  etc. 

special  constructions  :  see  under  sub- 
junctive, infinitive,  participle. 
▼ester,  how  formed  and  declined,  247. 

compared  with  tuus,  247,  a. 


vestrum                    297  wishes 

Testrum,  usually  partitive,  246,  d.  Tocative  case,  12  ;  use,  43,  b. 

Tetns,  comparison,  207.  of  proper  names  in  -ius,  59. 

compared  with  senex,  211.  of  «j-nouns  of  the  second  declension, 

Tlctor,  declension,  138,  496.  43,  a,  495,  a, 
Tideo   in   the    passive    often    rendered        T0I6,  368-370  ;  conjugation,  519. 

seem,  p.  96,  n.  2.  v58,  declension,  245,  506. 

?ir,  declension,  57,  495.  vowels,  quantity  :  short,  8, 2 ;  long,  8,  j. 

distinguished  from  homo,  141.  Tulnus,  declension,  138,  496. 
yirtns,  declension,  130,  496. 

Tis,  declension,  499.  " 

Tocabularies  :  Latin-English,  p.  251.  whither,  place,  how  expressed,  269. 

English- Latin,  p.  275.  wishes,  440-442  ;  negative,  441,  a. 


AJ  X 


ftAp^ 


jOA- 


1< 


Via  Latina 


AN    EASY 

LATIN    READER. 
By 


WILLIAM  C.  COLLAR.  '"'^■'IV/i: gnlrXston. 

With  VOCABULAEY  by 
CLARENCE  W.  GLEASON,    ^^^'^'^  "iaufschool. 


lamo.   Cloth.  203  pages.   For  introduction,  75  cents. 


This  book  is  an  attempt  to  bridge  the  gap  between  the 
first  Latin  manual,  covering  forms  and  simple  constructions, 
and  a  continuous  classical  work,  like  the  "Lives  of  Nepos" 
or  Caesar's  "  Gallic  War."  It  has  been  proved  by  experi- 
ence that  discouragement  and  great  loss  of  time  result  from 
plunging  beginners  too  early  into  difficult  Latin. 

This  book  is  designed  for  a  few  months  of  rapid  reading, 
beginning  with  selections  from  "The  New  Gradatim,"  and 
ending  with  the  "Life  of  Caesar"  and  the  "Alcibiades"  of 
Nepos  slightly  simplified. 

E.  C.  Warriner,  Principal  of  High  School  {East  Side),  Saginaw, 
Mich. :  It  is  an  excellent  selection  of  easy  Latin  reading,  and  a  book 
which  is  admirably  suited  for  the  purpose  intended. 

Emma  A.  Scudder,  Teacher  of  Latin,  English  High  School,  Cam- 
bridge, Mass. :  The  subject-matter  is  interesting,  well  arranged,  and 
attractive  in  every  respect.  I  wish  we  might  have  such  a  work  intro- 
duced into  our  school  to  precede  Nepos  and  Caesar. 

Thomas  Fitz-Hugh,  Professor  of  Latin,  University  of  Texas,  Austin, 
Tex.:  It  shows  the  same  eminently  practical  and  efficient  qualities  that 
characterize  all  of  Mr.  Collar's  text-books.  I  entirely  approve  of  the 
general  plan.  I  can  imagine  no  more  useful  and  available  manual  for 
every  purpose  involved  in  our  discussions. 

C.  C.  Ramsey,  Principal  of  High  School,  Fall  River,  Mass. :  A  capital 
Latin  reader  ;  the  notes  and  vocabulary  are  excellent  and  the  selections 
could  not  be  better. 


QINN  &  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

Boston.    New  York.    Chicago.     Atlanta.    Dallas. 


■jt    -^/^ttj/ij 


Easy  Latin  for  Sight  Reading 

FOR  SECONDARY  SCHOOLS. 

Selections  from  Ritchie's  "  Fabulae  Faciles,"  Lhomond's  "  Urbia  Romae 
Viri  InTustres,"  and  Gellius'  " Noctes  Atticae." 

Edited,  with  Introduction,  Models  for  Written  Lessons,  Idioms,  and  Annotations, 

By  B.  L.  D'OOGE, 

Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  the  Michigan  State  Normal  College  ', 
editor  of  "  Viri  Romae, ^^  etc. 


12mo.  Cloth.   146  pages.   Illustrated.  For  introduction,  40  cents. 

'^'HIS  little  book  is  designed  to  be  helpful  to  those  who  desire  to  do 
Vi/  more  sight  reading  in  secondary  schools.  It  is  intended  especially 
for  students  who  wish  to  learn  to  read  Latin  easily  and  need  an 
elementary  guide. 

The  author  holds  that  students  should  be  taught  to  read,  and  to 
understand  as  they  read,  without  translation,  from  the  very  beginning. 
The  aim  from  the  outset  should  be  to  learn  to  read  Latin.  This  is  not 
so  difficult,  in  the  opinion  of  the  author,  as  it  seems,  and  pupils  in 
secondary  schools  can  with  proper  instruction  acquire  considerable 
facility  in  this  direction. 

For  a  well-graded  series  of  selections  for  higher  schools  nothing 
better  can  be  found  than  Ritchie's  Fabulae  Faciles,  Lhomond's  Urhis 
Romae  Viri  Inhistres,  and  Gellius'  Nodes  Atticae.  The  selections  of 
this  book  have  accordingly  been  made  from  these  three  sources.  The 
Fabulae  Faciles  may  be  used  to  advantage  during  the  latter  half  of  the 
first  year  and  the  first  part  of  the  second ;  the  selections  from  Viri 
Romae  come  next  in  difficulty,  and  then  those  from  Gellius.  It  has 
been  the  plan  of  the  author  to  afford  sufficient  and  suitable  material 
for  the  entire  preparatory  course.     The  quantities  are  marked. 

From  considerable  experience  with  classes  in  sight  reading,  and 
from  the  experience  and  publications  of  others,  Professor  D'Ooge  has 
compiled  and  formulated  in  a  few  introductory  pages  some  hints  and 
suggestions  that  will  be  found  useful  in  teaching  the  art  of  reading 
Latin.  These  are  followed  by  a  few  models  for  written  lessons,  which 
will  be  of  practical  use  to  the  young  student. 

The  increasing  and  very  proper  emphasis  placed  upon  translation 
at  sight  in  the  curricula  of  all  our  best  higher  schools  and  colleges  has 
insured  a  cordial  welcome  to  this  little  book. 


QiNN  &   Company,    Publishers, 

Boston.    New  York.    Chicago.    Atlanta.    Dallas. 


TEXT-BOOKS  FOR  HIGHER  SCHOOLS 


By  William  C.  Collar,  Head-Master  of  Roxbury  Latin  School, 

Boston,  and  M.  Grant  Daniell,  recently  Principal 

of  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Boston. 

Collar  and  Daniell's  First  Latin  Book.     i2mo.     Cloth.     Illustrated. 

286  pages.     For  introduction,  $1.00. 

Collar  and  Daniell's  Beginner's  Latin  Book.    Complete  with  Grammar 

Exercises.  Selections  for  Translating,  and  Vocabulary,   izmo.  Cloth.  283  pages. 
For  introduction,  $1.00. 

Latine Reddenda.  The  English-Latin  exercises  from  "The  Beginner's  Latin  Book." 
With  Glossarium  Grammaticum.  i2mo.  41  pages.  Paper.  For  introduction, 
20  cents. 

With  Glossarium  Grammaticum  and  English-Latin  Vocabulary,  i2mo.  58  pages. 
Cloth.     For  introduction,  30  cents. 

Collar  and  Daniell's  Beginner's  Greek  Composition.      Based  mainly 

pon  Xenophon's  Anabasi; 
■"or  introduction,  90  cents. 

Bv  WILLIAM   C.  COLLAR. 


upon  Xenophon's  Anabasis,  Book  I.    Sq.  i6mo.   Cloth.   201  pages.    Illustrated. 
Foi 


Collar's  Via  Latina.    A  new  Latin  Reader.    i2mo.    Cloth.    203  pages. 

For  introduction,  75  cents. 

Collar's  New  Gradatim.     Revised.     i6mo.     Cloth.     189  pages.     For 

introduction,  50  cents. 

Collar's  Practical  Latin  Composition.    i2mo.    Cloth.    268  pages.    F'or 

introduction,  $i.oo. 

Collar's  Gate  to  Caesar.     Sq.  i6mo.     Cloth.     141  pages.     For  intro- 
duction, 40  cents. 

Caesar,  Gallic  War.     Book  II.     Edited,  with  Notes  and  a  Vocabulary. 

i6mo.    Cloth.    96  pages.     For  introduction,  35  cents.    Latin  and  Greek  School 
Classics. 

Vergil's  Aeneid.    Book  VII.    Issued  both  with  and  without  translation. 

i6mo.  Cloth.    Illustrated.    For  introduction,  45  cents.  Latin  and  Greek  School 
Classics. 

Collar's  Shorter  Eysenbach.    Plysenbach's  Practical  German  Grammar. 

Revised  and  largely  rewritten,  with  Notes  to  the  exercises  and  Vocabularies. 
Revised  by  Clara  S.  Curtis.     i2mo.     Cloth.     242  pages.     For  introduction, 

$1.00. 

Collar's  German  Lessons.     Eysenbach's  Practical  German  Grammar. 

Revised  and  largely  rewritten,  with  Notes,  Selections  for  Reading,  and  Vocab- 
ularies.    i2mo.     Cloth.     360  pages.     For  introduction,  $1.20. 

Collar's  English  into  German.     The  English  Exercises  from  Collar's 

Eysenbach's  German  Lessons.     i2mo.     Paper.     51  pages.      For  introduction, 
25  cents. 


GINN  &  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

Boston.  New  York.  Chicago.  Atlanta.  Dallas. 


ALLEN    AND    GREENOUGH'S 

SHORTER  LATIN  GRAMMAR 

FOR  SCHOOLS  AlfD  ACADEMIES. 

Condensed  and  Kevised  by  Professor  JAMES  B.  GREENOUGH, 
Assisted  by  ALBERT  A.  HOWARD. 


12mo.    Cloth.    371  pages.    For  introduction,  95  cents. 


Space  does  not  allow  here  a  full  description  of  this  book, 
but  attention  is  called  to  the  following  points  : 

First.  Allen  and  Greenough's  Shorter  Latin  Grammar  does  not 
attempt  the  impossible.  It  does  not  aim  to  be  at  once  a  brief  grammar 
and  a  full  one,  to  cover  both  preparatory  and  college  Latin  courses  in  a 
space  sufficient  for  only  the  former. 

Second.  The  reduction  of  size  is  secured  not  by  retaining  arbi- 
trarily what  one  or  two  scholars  deem  essential,  but  by  ascertaining 
minutely  what  points  are  involved  in  the  study  of  preparatory  Latin. 
It  must  be  admitted  that  any  one  who  attacks  the  problem  in  this  way 
will  find  that  a  great  deal  more  information  is  required  for  thorough 
reading  of  the  preparatory  texts  than  any  a  priori  maker  of  a  short 
Latin  grammar  would  suppose. 

Third.  It  has  been  found  entirely  feasible  to  follow  the  section 
numbering  of  the  large  Allen  and  Greenough  Grammar,  so  that  the 
full  and  the  short  grammars  can  be  used  in  the  same  classes  and  the 
same  set  of  references  apply.  If  a  class  includes  boys  who  are  going 
to  college  and  also  boys  who  are  not,  the  former  may  purchase  the 
full  grammar  and  the  latter  the  short  one. 

Fourth.  The  Latin  grammar  that  shall  be  thoroughly  satisfac- 
tory under  all  the  conditions  it  is  to  meet  in  thousands  of  schools  of 
every  sort,  must  be  a  growth,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  experience  of 
making  a  full  and  complete  grammar  and  of  watching  the  use  of  it 
in  schools  for  years,  is  almost  a  prerequisite  to  the  preparation  of  a 
thoroughly  satisfactory  small  one. 

GINN    &    COMPANY,   Publishers, 

Boston.     New  York.     Chicago.     Atlanta.     Dallas. 


THE  FIRST  LATIN  BOOK 


By  W.  C.  collar, 

Head-Master  of  Roxbury  Latin  School, 

AND 

M.  GRANT  DANIELL, 
Recently  Principal  of  Chauncy  Hall  School,  Boston. 


i2mo.    Cloth.    286  pages.    Illustrated.    For  introduction,  $1.00. 


This  is  an  ideal  text-book  for  teachers  of  Latin,  for  it 
enables  them,  while  following  a  rigorously  scientific  method, 
to  impart  interest,  freshness,  and  variety  to  the  teaching  of 
the  elements  of  the  language. 

It  is  an  ideal  text-book  for  beginners  in  Latin,  for  by  its 
use  they  are  able  to  master  the  rudiments  of  the  language 
with  ease  and  rapidity,  and  without  the  usual  tediousness 
and  drudgery. 

The  reasons  why  this  book  stands  the  test  of  the  school- 
room are : 

Because  it  is  brief,  simple,  and  attractive,  and  at  the  same 
time  thorough  and  scholarly. 

Because  at  an  early  stage  it  introduces  easy  reading  les- 
sons to  illustrate  forms  and  principles  already  studied. 

Because  it  presents  continuity  in  the  separate  exercises 
for  translation  into  English  and  into  Latin,  introduced  as 
early  and  followed  out  as  fully  as  practicable. 

Because  it  distributes  difficulties  and  secures  great  scope, 
variety,  and  flexibility  in  practice  by  bringing  forward  cer- 
tain of  the  pronouns  and  certain  constructions  that  are 
usually  deferred  till  later  and  massed  together. 


GINN  &  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

Boston.  New  York.  Chicago.  Atlanta.  Dallas. 


Allen  and  Greenough'S  New  Caesar 


EDITED    BV 


James  B.  Greenough,  Professor  of  Latin  in  Harvard  University,  B.  L.  D'Ooge, 
Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Michigan  State  Normal  College,  Ypsilanti, 
and  M.  Grant  Daniell,  recently  Principal  of  Chauncy-Hall  School,  for- 
merly Master  in  the  Roxbury  Latin  School,  Boston. 


Seven  books.    i2mo.   Half  morocco.   Fully  illustrated.   lx  + 452  pages. 

With  a  special  vocabulary  of  162  pages. 

For  introduction,  $1.25. 


This  new  edition  of  Caesar's  "Gallic  War"  keeps  prominently 
in  view  the  needs  of  the  beginner,  on  the  ground  that  a  large 
majority  of  those  who  read  Caesar  take  it  up  immediately  after 
finishing  their  first  lessons.  It  is  believed  that  all  this  class  of 
students'  needs  have  been  fully  met  in  the  present  edition. 

Professor  Greenough  has  specially  qualified  himself  for  editing 
this  edition  by  traveling  and  making  recent  investigations  in 
France.  Not  only  the  notes,  but  the  illustrations  have  profited 
greatly.  A  considerable  number  of  the  pictures  in  this  edition  are 
from  photographs  made  especially  for  it.  In  other  cases,  pictures 
not  previously  seen  in  this  country  have  been  obtained.  The 
museums  have  been  visited  and  many  new  illustrations  drawn 
from  them.  At  the  same  time,  all  the  standard  and  essential 
illustrations  are  used.  It  is  believed  that  this  part  of  the  editing 
will  be  found  of  signal  excellence  and  practical  value. 

Several  reading  courses  are  suggested,  each  one  of  which, 
while  embracing  an  amount  of  text  equal  to  the  first  four  books, 
contains  choice  selections  of  narrative  and  adventure  from  the 
various  books.  It  is  believed  that  this  feature  will  be  especially 
acceptable  to  teachers  who  have  found  the  monotony  of  Caesar 
irksome,  but  have  seen  no  way  to  vary  the  course. 

The  text  has  been  revised,  many  changes  having  been  made,  and 
the  whole  presents  the  commentaries  in  an  ideal  form  for  rapid  and 
enjoyable  reading.     Quantities  of  long  vowels  are  marked. 


GINN   &  COMPANY,  Publishers, 

Boston.  New  York.  Chicago.  Atlanta.  Dallas. 


,^v^ 


\ 


^- 


I  • 


V 


iXa/Jo 


fW^.^-Ar. 


cIM^'      fjU--    ^ 


c 


,K^ 


'^A^Xf^ 


^ 


r\ 


(^^(I'VrUi^:  Ur^^^ 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED   FOR   FAILURE  TO   RETURN 
THIS    BOOK   ON    THE   DATE   DUE.    THE   PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY     AND     TO     $1.00     ON     THE    SEVENTH     DAY 
OVERDUE. 

lAM       ^     HHiin 

OMW     ^    1940 

L' 

270'-'^  4' 

DEC  2  3  I99f 

LD  21-1007n-7,'39(402s) 

YB  00294 

U.C   BERKLLLY  LIURARItS 


'CXVv^) 


coti«4SsaMS 


870723  O.A 


7 


«i? 


1 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

\ 


